GEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES 
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Arenaria groenlandica, extend to the New England mountains and 
coast. But these, Hke the circumpolar species, would naturally be 
expected. 
The most surprising feature of our alpine and subalpine flora and 
one which was hardly realized until recent years is the great number 
of species which are more typical of the Rocky Mountains, Alaska, or 
even of the northern Sierra Nevada. In the Gaspe Peninsula of 
Quebec, for instance, a region with an indigenous flora of 1,200 species, 
three fourths of the species, 800, are plants which occur also in the 
northwestern United States, British Columbia or Alaska; while other 
regions in our area considerably extend the number. It is not surpris- 
ing, therefore, to find along thp smaller streams among the Gaspe 
mountains such characteristic Cordilleran plants as Lonicera involu- 
crata (fig. 8) or Osmorhiza ohtusa, or on the limestone gravels such 
typical species of the Canadian Rocky Mountains as Dryas Drum- 
mondii (fig. 9) or Salix vestita. 
A still more northwestern flora is represented by such plants as 
Adiantum pedatum, var. aleuticum, which extends from the Sierra 
Nevada of California very locally eastward into the Rocky Mountains, 
thence northwestward along the Coast Range to the Aleutian Islands, 
and on to northern Japan ; known in the east only from the serpentine 
mountains of southeastern Quebec and Newfoundland. An even 
more distinctively northwestern species is Vaccinium ovalifolium of 
Washington, British Columbia and Alaska, which reappears about Lake 
Superior, and again on the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, in Newfound- 
land and adjacent Labrador. 
The maritime flora also shows a large North Pacific element, such 
plants as Arenaria peploides, var. maxima, occurring on the shores of 
Japan, Kamtchatka and the Aleutian Islands, and again in western 
Newfoundland ; while a strong Bering Sea aflinity is shown by the very 
characteristic Senecio Pseudo-Arnica (fig. 10), abounding on the strands 
of Bering Sea, thence southward to Japan and Vancouver, and about 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, northward on the coast of Labrador and 
south very locally to the entrance of the Bay of Fundy. 
The illustrations which I have thus far given serve to indicate the 
chief North American affinities of the flora of New England and the 
region about the Gulf of St. Lawrence; but these North American 
affinities are only half the story; for this complex region has in its 
flora large elements which are identical with or closely related to 
