GEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES 
229 
and even in Madagascar and New Zealand, found on the Azores, and 
filling the ponds and streams of southeastern Newfoundland and of 
Sable Island, 100 miles off the Nova Scotia coast. 
More restricted than the latter group is a series of species char- 
acteristic of the acid peats and silicious soils of Europe (but not Asia) 
and in America known only from southeastern Newfoundland or from 
Cape Breton. There are about 25 of these species, well represented 
by Potentilla procumhens of Europe, Madeira, the Azores, and peaty 
hillsides and borders of woods in Newfoundland and Cape Breton. 
A similar distribution is shown by the beautiful pink-flowered Pedic- 
ularis sylvatica, in America found only in the peaty soils and "heaths" 
of southeastern Newfoundland where it is accompanied by Sieglingia 
decumhens (fig. 13), a monotypic grass which in the British Isles bears 
the highly appropriate name "Heath Grass." 
Still more obviously the last relics of an ancient broad dispersal 
are plants now restricted to the extreme western margin of Europe or 
to the Azores and similarly found only at the extreme eastern margin 
of North America; such a genus as Corema (fig. 14) in the Empetraceae, 
with two known species, one found only in Portugal and adjacent 
Spain and the Azores, the other from New Jersey to the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence; or that most distinct of Saxifrages, Saxifraga Geiim (fig. 15), 
known only from southwestern Ireland, the Pyrenees and southeastern 
Newfoundland. 
One more European affinity may take our attention for a moment, 
the maritime plants restricted to northwestern Europe and the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence region. As illustrations three species may serve: 
A triplex maritima of the sea-sands from the southern Baltic through 
the English Channel, and on the sands of eastern New Brunswick, 
Prince Edward Island and the Magdalen Islands; Polygonum Raii 
of the shores of the British Isles and the Channel, reappearing about 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on Sable Island; and another littoral 
Polygonum, P. acadiense, recently described from Cape Breton and 
subsequently found to occur as a hitherto undetected species in Europe, 
where, according to Professor Ostenfeld, it replaces P. Raii on the 
shores of the Baltic and in northern Norway. 
These are by no means all the life-areas of the northern hemi- 
sphere, but they are sufficient, it will be agreed, to indicate that there are 
few regions of boreal and temperate North America and Eurasia which 
do not show identities with or close affinities to the complex flora of 
