8 
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 
[Vol. 9 
such as Iron and Madison. Of herbaceous and annual climbers, Ipomoea 
pandurata (L.) Mey., both Passifioras, Sicyos angulatus L., Echinocystis 
lohata (Michx.) T. & G., Humulus Lupulus L., and Smilax herhacea L. 
are common. 
The spring flora is in such places well represented by various species of 
different families; besides the plants already mentioned from the forests 
of the hills (Oxalis violacea and Hypoxis hirsiita excepted) , there are present 
along moist places Cardamine hulhosa (Schreb.) B.S.P., Ranunculus septen- 
trionalis Poir., R. fascicularis Muhl., Viola blanda Willd., Sanguinaria 
canadensis L., Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth, and Dicentra Cuctillaria (L.) 
Bernh.; and Mertensia virginica (L.) Link not seldom occurs in large 
patches. Later, in the early summer, flower Hydrastis canadensis L., 
Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. (rare), Hybanthus concolor (Forster) 
Spreng., Dodecatheon Meadia L., Anemone virginiana L., A . pennsylvanica L,, 
and rarely Cypripedium candidum Muhl. and Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) 
B.S.P. In the summer and autumn the ground is covered by a pure associa- 
tion of Impatiens fulva Nutt., with but a very few other species growing in 
between. Where Impatiens is absent there is usually found a diversified 
flora composed of Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl., Iris versicolor L., Laportea 
canadensis (L.) Gaud., Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw., Arisaema triphyllum 
(L.) Schott, and A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. Pteridophytes are well repre- 
sented by Adiantum pedatum L., Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee, 
Asplenium acrostichoides Sw., Onoclea sensibilis L., Osmunda Claytoniana L., 
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw., and sometimes Ophioglossum vulgatum 
L. In Butler County and other southern counties Hymenocallis occidentalis 
(Le Conte) Kunth, with its bright, beautiful white flowers, can frequently 
be observed along small river valleys. 
During the latter part of the summer one finds, besides the nettle asso- 
ciation of Boehmeria and Laportea, scattered almost everywhere. Cam- 
panula americana L., Scrophularia marilandica L., Parietaria pennsylvanica 
Muhl., Circaea lutetiana L., Hydrophyllum canadense L., Muhlenbergia 
mexicana (L.) Trin., M. racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. , Uniola latifolia Michx., 
Diarrhena diandra (Michx.) Wood, and several groups of Eupatorium 
urticaefolium Reich, and Solidago latifolia L. 
In some of the counties the author has observed woods of Pinus echinata 
Mill. Once these were very common and extensive, but practically all 
have been cut down by lumber companies; only very little has been left. 
The writer found west of Carter County a small forest where this species of 
pine formed practically the entire growth under the trees. Here and there 
the small-shrub vegetation is composed of little thickets or single individuals 
of Symphoricarpos orliculatus Moench, Ceanothus americanus L., and in 
open places of the woods of a single Rhus typhina L., whereas very large 
areas are entirely shrubless. The general aspect of the areas covered with 
Pinus echinata is generally that of dr}^, stony lands. 
