24 
CECIL YAMPOLSKY 
He proposes to call these forms mixed in sex. The old term is polygamous. 
I have used the term intersexes or sex intergrades. 
These groups indicate in every case the distribution of functional sex 
elements. We find, however, just as Goldschmidt found in his intersexes, 
so here, that every possible degree of functional and structural perfection 
and degeneration exists and has been long known, though botanists have 
been inclined to take them as matters of course until the development of 
the recent efforts to make sex determination a matter of absolutely alter- 
native inheritance and to represent sex characters by fixed and invariable 
factors in the germ plasm which are segregated in the reduction division. 
We can classify the grades of development of female sex organs as follows. 
In each case functional stamens are present in the same flower or elsewhere 
on the same plant. 
I. Functional Variation. 
a. Ovaries fertile to pollen from another genus: Zea Mays L. X Euchlaena Mexicana 
Schrad. 
b. Ovaries fertile to pollen from one or more different species: Antirrhinum molle 
X A. majus. 
c. Ovaries both cross- and self-fertile: Zea Mays. 
d. Ovaries cross-fertile and self-fertile: Pyrus malus. 
e. Ovaries normal in appearance but both cross- and self-sterile: Eschscholtzia. 
II. Structural Variation. 
a. Ovaries normal in size, all ovules functional: Lilium canadense. 
b. Ovaries normal in size, ovules more or less aborted: Phaseolus. 
c. Ovaries normal in size, all ovules aborted: Trifolium pratense, Syringa hybrids. 
d. Ovaries visibly degenerate: Fraxinus excelsior. 
e. Ovaries mere rudiments: Fraxinus excelsior. 
f. Ovaries becoming stamen-like: Salix caprea. 
g. Ovaries not present, replaced by petals: Matthiola. 
In the same way we can classify the grades of development of the male 
sex organs. In each case functional ovaries are present in the same flower 
or elsewhere on the same plant. 
I. Functional Variation. 
a. Pollen capable of fertilizing ovaries of another genus: Zea Mays X Euchlaena 
Mexicana Schrad. 
b. Pollen capable of fertilizing ovaries of another species: Antirrhinum molle X A. 
majus. 
c. Pollen both cross- and self-fertile: Zea Mays. 
d. Pollen cross-fertile and self-sterile: Pyrus malus. 
e. Pollen normal in appearance but both cross- and self-sterile: Eschscholtzia. 
II. Structural Variation. 
a. Anthers normal in size, all grains functional: Lilium canadense. 
b. Anthers normal in size, not all pollen grains functional: Phaseolus. 
c. Anthers normal in size, some pollen grains aborted: Oenothera hybrids. 
d. Anthers visibly degenerate : Thymus vulgaris. 
e. Anthers mere rudiments: Echium vulgare. 
f. Anthers becoming pistil-like: Salix caprea. 
g. Anthers not present, replaced by petals: Matthiola. 
