66 
FRANCIS RAM ALE Y 
Table 7. Meter quadrat in true suhalpine sedge moor at Burgrass Lake {one 
of the Forest Lakes) in Gilpin County, Colorado, August ly, igi8. 
The figures indicate percentages of ground covered 
Bare ground o 
Carex aquatilis 60 
Mosses 15 
Carex nigricans and C. illota 5 
Caltha rotundifolia 5 
Elephantella groenlandica 5 
Ligusticum tenuifoHum 5 
Salix spp 4 
Viola palustris i 
100 
Willow moor, or willow scrub, as previously suggested, is sedge moor 
with willows in it. The writer has usually thought of it as quite distinct 
from sedge moor, but on subalpine lake shores no sharp distinction can be 
drawn. It does not form, as a rule, a clearly marked circum-area, as is 
common in the montane region below 10,000 feet. Where present at sub- 
alpine lakes, willow moor is often a stage preceding the development of 
Engelmann spruce forest. This is especially true in late stages of infilling, 
when a whole lake may become willow moor and, later, spruce forest. 
Willows are most likely to develop on deep fine-grained soil. The species 
are Salix chlorophylla, S. glaucops, S. lutea, and S. Barclayi. 
Rush moor is a society of sedge moor. On many shores it is very con- 
spicuous as a narrow belt outside the ordinary sedge moor, most often 
when willows are absent. The usual species of rush are Juncus Drummondii 
and /. mertensianus, with, sometimes, Juncoides spicatum. 
Meadow moor is sedge moor with some meadow plants. It may form a 
definite belt between moor and meadow, but more often it occurs as large 
or small patches developed on soil somewhat elevated above ordinary 
sedge moor and hence better drained. According to the writer's "soil 
moisture index" (6), ordinary xerophytes are given the number 4, meso- 
phytes 6, marsh plants 8, and aquatics 10. Meadow moor would be assigned 
7 as its index number. It is sometimes convenient to call it a "no. 7 
meadow." There is less sedge and especially less moss than in ordinary 
sedge moor. More different species of plants occur than in ordinary sedge 
moor or in moss moor. The following are likely to be present in consider- 
able amount: Ligusticum tenuifoHum, Erigeron salsuginosus, Bistorta 
bistortoides, Arnica ful gens and A. suhplumosa, Deschampsia atropurpurea, 
Senecio hlitoides. Besides these, almost any of the true meadow plants 
may occur. 
The heath association is here a mere suggestion of the heaths so prominent 
in the shore vegetation of many lakes in the northeastern United States 
and in Canada. The writer designates as "heath moor" the transition 
between moor and heath.. This may be a distinct belt in which plants of 
