96 
CECIL YAMPOLSKY 
Figures i to 7 of Plate V show a few of the forms that I have found. 
Figure i is a diagrammatic representation of a two-carpeled female flower 
showing (s) stigma, (n) nectary, and (t) hair. The appearance of the stigma 
and the hairs is particularly characteristic of the flower. Figure 7 is a 
diagrammatic representation of a male flower with several stamens, the 
dotted areas representing the anther sacs. In the female flowers there is 
never any evidence of an aborted or rudimentary stamen, nor is there any 
evidence in the male flower of an aborted or rudimentary pistil. Figure 2 
is a diagrammatic representation of a very common type of hermaphro- 
ditic flower. The female elements are in all respects like those in the 
female flower. The male elements, the stamens, may arise, at any point 
from the base of the carpel. The pollen grains are viable, and under favor- 
able conditions self-pollination occurs and seed is set. In the light of what 
follows we may assume that the flower represented by figure i is more 
female than the flower represented by figure 2, in which the addition of a 
single stamen has added a characteristic of the male flower. Figure 3 
shows a condition that is also quite common, an hermaphroditic flower with 
two stamens. These hermaphroditic flowers, too, are self-fertile, and seed 
is readily set. These flowers may be considered less female than the flowers 
represented by figures I and 2, inasmuch as there is an increase in the male 
elements. Figure 4 represents a condition in which more than two stamens 
occur together with the female elements. The number of stamens varies 
from three to sometimes more than eight. I have found many such flowers 
which have not been figured. Without sacrificing the functioning power of 
either the pollen grains or the ovules, various gradations in the proportion 
of male to female elements are produced in the hermaphroditic flowers. 
In figure 5 we have a condition in which the male elements have been sub- 
stituted for half of the female elements. Figure 5 represents a flower with 
a single carpel, the other half of the flower being occupied by stamens. 
The number of stamens varies from 4 to 8. This arrangement differs from 
any described above because there has been a reduction in the amount of the 
female element so that, at best, the proportion of male and female elements 
is equal. In this condition, as in the preceding ones, there is no loss in the 
ability of the pollen or of the ovule to function either in self- or cross- 
pollination. Figure 6 shows a flower very similar to the one represented in 
figure 5 but with the addition of one or more stamens arising from the base 
of the single carpel. In this instance the male elements overbalance the 
female and the flower is decidedly more male than female. With the male 
and female flowers as the extremes of a series I have found, in my female 
and so-called monoecious cultures, intergrading flowers that suggest inter- 
grading degrees of maleness and femaleness. It is interesting to note that 
this intergradation is not accompanied by sterility as is the case in the 
transition of ovaries into testes and testes into ovaries in the reported cases 
in animals. 
