98 
CECIL YAMPOLSKY 
Figures 15 to 19 are of a single three-carpeled hermaphroditic flower 
with four stamens. In only one of the stamens (fig. 15) was there an anther 
sac. The pollen grains were for the most part plump and appeared healthy. 
The other three anthers (figs. 16, 17, 18) looked externally like individual 
carpels although internally there was no evidence of differentiation into 
fertile and sterile tissue. The three carpels (fig. 19) contained differentiated 
ovules somewhat enlarged in size and they had an appearance that suggested 
oedema. 
Figures 20 to 22 represent parts of a three-carpeled female flower almost 
entirely transmuted into stamens. The fact that the flower contained only 
three parts is evidence that it is a three-carpeled female flower and not a 
reduced male flower. The pollen grains from each of the sacs showed few 
shriveled grains. 
The male flowers show an equally strong tendency to grade into the 
female through a series of gradations, from the faintest suggestion of a 
stigma to the presence of an ovary and of an apparently normal ovule. 
Figure 24 shows a male flower with ten stamens, two of which have been 
partially transformed into female tissue, each bearing one anther sac. 
The remaining eight stamens are normal. Most of the pollen grains in the 
sacs of the transmuted stamens were normal in appearance. 
Figures 25 to 30 represent parts of a single male flower, seven of which 
were normal, the rest in various stages of transformation. Figure 30 is a 
normal stamen. Figure 27 represents a stamen with an indication of a 
stigma, the tissue being white and translucent. The stamen in figure 25 
is a little more female, while figures 26 and 29 show more extreme conditions 
of femaleness. Figure 28 shows a combination of male and female elements, 
a fully developed stamen and a carpel with a well-developed ovule. 
Figure 14 is a part of a male flower much like the one described above, 
but in which only two stamens were abnormal. The stamen represented 
by figure 14 had a completely developed ovary (o) and two large anther 
sacs with apparently healthy pollen. 
Figure 23 shows a stamen with four anther sacs and a completely de- 
veloped ovary. This was taken from a flower otherwise male. 
It is impossible here to give the numberless variations that occurred in 
all three kinds of flowers. The illustrations cited give an idea of what is 
occurring. This evidence of pistillody of the stamens and of staminody of 
the pistils, coupled with the apparently normal arrangements of male and 
female elements as seen in figures I to 7, emphasize all the more strongly 
that intergradations within the flowers may occur by steps that are almost 
insensible. With the female flower as one extreme and the male flower as 
the other, flowers may grade all the way toward femaleness from the male 
extreme and all the way toward maleness from the female extreme. N 
While it has not yet been determined whether or not intergradation is 
here accompanied by sterility, the indications from the appearance of the 
