UPWARD TRANSLOCATION OF FOODS IN WOODY PLANTS IO5 
Table 4. Ligustrum ovalifolium. Bushes killed nearly to the ground by the cold winter. 
Experiments with the strong young shoots, June, IQ18. All ring wounds had healed 
over by August i. Some of no. 4, however, were not perfectly healed 
I 
Not Ringed. Leaves 
2 
Ringed 20-24 Cm. from 
Not Ringed. Leaves 
Removed for a Distance 
4 
Ringed 20-24 Cm. from 
Top. Leaves Above 
Hedge 
Remaining 
Top. Leaves Remaining 
of 20-24 Cm. from Top 
Ring Removed 
No. I 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Cm. June 
Cm. July 3- 
Cm. June 
Cm. July 3- 
Cm. June 
Cm. July 3- 
Cm. June 
Cm. July 3- 
i8-July 3 
Aug. I 
iS-July 3 
Aug. I 
i8-July 3 
Aug. I 
18- July 3 
Aug. I 
a 
15.0 
33-5 
15.0 
23-5 
7-5 
26.5 
0.5 
14-5 
b 
15.0 
32.5 
16.0 
29-5 
9.5 
34-5 
I.O 
12.0 
c 
13.8 
31-5 
12.3 
20.5 
8.0 
28.0 
I.O 
10. 0 
d 
10.5 
27-5 
14-5 
27-5 
7-5 
15-5 
e 
9.0 
20.0 
15.0 
20.0 
5.5 
i6!o 
0.5 
12.0 
/ 
15.0 
25.0 
15-5 
broken 
6.5 
10.5 
0.5 
9-5 
g 
17.0 
32.5 
14.0 
27.0 
0.5 
13.0 
Ave 
13.61 
28.93 
14.61 
24.67 
7.41 
22.75 
0.71 
12.36 
Hedge 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Growth in 
Cm. June 
Cm. July 3- 
Cm. June 
Cm. July 3- 
Cm. June 
Cm. July 3- 
Cm. June 
Cm. July 3- 
No. 2 
19-July 3 
Aug. I 
19-July 3 
Aug. I 
19-July 3 
Aug. I 
19-July 3 
Aug. I 
h 
15.0 
30.0 
15.0 
13.0 
3-5 
25.0 
0.4 
16.I 
i 
II. 0 
18.5 
10. 0 
5-5 
19-5 
0.5 
I.O 
i 
13-5 
17.0 
12.0 
8.0 
15.0 
0.0 
13.0 
k 
12.5 
26.0 
9.0 
broken 
7.0 
12.0 
0.0 
5-5 
/ 
lO.O 
29-5 
9-5 
9.0 
6.5 
18.0 
0.0 
2.2 
m 
12.5 
22.5 
8.5 
3-0 
4.0 
broken 
0-5 
5-0 
Ave 
12.49 
22.41 
10.58 
9.7 
5-75 
17.9 
0.23 
7. II 
Hanstein explained this lack of growth and the death above a ring when 
the leaves are removed on the grounds that "newly assimilated sap" is 
necessary. He accepted Hartig's idea that the stored food, particularly 
carbohydrates, readily moves upward through the xylem, but believed 
that this newly assimilated food moves in the phloem only. When leaves 
remain above a ring, they supply this essential food. Furthermore, Han- 
stein found that ringed willow cuttings placed in dry air showed a withering 
of the phloem above the ring while the presence of leaves prevented wither- 
ing. He concluded that water cannot readily move from xylem to phloem 
and that the leaves aid in this transfer. According to his ideas, therefore, 
the leaves supply "newly assimilated sap "which is necessary for growth 
and can be carried through the phloem only, and they aid in transmitting 
the water to the phloem when the latter is separated from the roots by a 
ring. 
If, however, all foods, including sugars, were translocated upward 
through the phloem only and not through the xylem, ringing would check 
further growth by withholding all necessary foods, and the withering might 
be due therefore not to the lack of any particular food, newly assimilated 
or otherwise, but to a deficiency of osmotically active substances, perhaps 
carbohydrates. Chandler (1914) has clearly demonstrated that, if tissues 
having different osmotic concentrations are organically connected, that 
