no 
OTIS F. CURTIS 
Island Greenings, and in addition two stems were left without removing 
the leaves above the ring. The fruit was gathered on September 25 at 
which time a number had fallen from the trees, which fact accounts for the 
missing apples. The average of the greatest length and the greatest 
diameter was taken as the diameter of a sphere and the volume of this 
sphere was calculated. The data are presented in table 7. 
There seems to have been practically no increase in the volume of the 
apples on the ringed stems. The 2 percent recorded is possibly within the 
range of probable error. Whether there was a transfer of anything but 
water to the fruits cannot be definitely determined from the data available, 
but the fact that both the water content of the fruit from the ringed stem 
and the volume-dry weight ratio of the same fruit were greater than in the 
fruit from the stem that was not ringed, as well as greater than in samples 
taken at the time of ringing, would indicate that no appreciable amount of 
food had moved to the fruit. The water contents of the fruit from the 
ringed stem, of that from the unringed stem, and of that taken at the time 
of ringing were respectively 86.9 percent, 86.2 percent, and 85.0 percent, 
and the approximate volume-dry weight ratios were respectively 7.92, 
7.89, and 7.05. 
Effect of Ringing Dormant Twigs in the Spring 
Dormant stems of various woody plants were ringed at different distances 
from the tip to determine whether food stored in the xylem would move 
longitudinally through the same tissues and to determine from how far 
Fig. 2. Crataegus ringed, while dormant, at different distances from the tip. The 
place of ringing is indicated by R. In the stem marked R* a narrow strip of phloem less 
than one fourth the circumference was left. Similar results were obtained when only one 
half of the xylem and one fourth of the phloem were left. (The unringed twig of the group 
at the right was omitted by the engraver. This twig showed a growth almost identical to 
that of R.*) 
