16 Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 
cranial cast is relatively remarkably flat, and at first sight presents a 
considerable general resemblance to those of the Neanderthal group. In 
using the term " flat," I refer not merely to its lowness, or relative height, 
but also to the remarkable flattening of the upper surface of the cast. The 
latter feature is more pronounced in the Boskop mould than it is in that of 
the Neanderthal, or even of the Chapelle-aux-Saints, cranium. In the cast 
of the Neanderthal calvaria there is some flattening of the posterior parietal 
region, but. the anterior parietal area is fairly convex. In the Chapelle-aux- 
Saints cast there is more pronounced flattening of the upper aspect of the 
cast. But in the Boskop cast there is a much more extensive plane 
surface. 
In spite of these superficial resemblances to the Neanderthal group 
of specimens there are even more significant points of difference. Although 
there is a lack of fulness in the middle third of the frontal area — a feature 
which is found in many modern Negroes — the frontal poles present the 
ample rounded form (Plate XI) that is distinctive of the cranial cast of 
Homo sapiens (from the time of Cro-Magnon man onwards). 
The noteworthy shortness of the sagittal suture in the Neanderthal 
group is not found in the Boskop cast. Upon the intracranial cast of tbe 
La Quina skull the bregma is 102 mm. distant from the lambda, as measured 
with callipers ; and in the Gibraltar, Neanderthal, and La-Chapelle-aux- 
Saints casts definitely less than 100 mm. In the Boskop cast the corre- 
sponding measurement is 117 mm., a figure identical with that of the 
so-called Aurignacian cast described by Klaatsch, and strictly comparable 
with the conditions found in modern dolichocephalic man. 
The remarlvable size of the spheno-parietal sinuses in the Neanderthal 
cast, which is not without a parallel in moulds of many brachycephalie 
modern crania, is not found in the Boskop specimen, in which the meningeal 
ridges are only faintly marked and small in size (Plate XI, fig. 2). 
As regards the form of the brain surface, the cast provides us with 
singularly few indications. The greater fulness of the left occipital pole, 
which has pushed the right pole aside, agrees with the conditions found in 
most cranial casts of right-handed men, ancient and modern. 
To sum up the information afforded by this cast, its great size no less 
than its distinctive configuration present a marked contrast to the conditions 
found in the modern inhabitants of South Africa. Its features present a 
curious blend of those which are regarded as distinctive of Mousterian and 
Aurignacian types of men respectively ; but whereas the general form 
presents certain resemblances to the former, in all essential respects the 
cast conforms to the type represented by the Cro-Magnon man of Western 
Europe. 
It must not be assumed, however, that the Boskop man necessarily 
l)elongs to the same type or age as Cro-Magnon man. The primitive type 
