Endocranial Cast obtained from Ancient Calvaria. 
17 
of Homo sapiens was, I believe,* evolved from a group that was akin to, but 
not identical with, Homo neanderthalensis . Beyond the fact that neither of 
these races or species of humanity was evolved in Western Europe, from 
which alone the relics of their probably modified descendants have come 
down to us, nothing is known for certain as to their origin. There are, 
however, certain facts which suggest that the original home of both 
offslioots from the common human stock may have assumed their distinctive 
characters somewhere in the neighbourhood of the link between Asia and 
Africa. It is possible, or even probable, that in the course of their migra- 
tions to Western Europe either or both types of man may have undergone 
changes. In other words, there are no grounds for assuming that early 
human remains found in South Africa should necessarily conform to either 
the Mousterian or the Aurignacian type of mankind. 
Whatever the date of the Boskop remains may be, the evidence now in 
our possession suggests that this early inhabitant of the Transvaal represents 
the type of the immediate ancestors of the men of the Upper Palaeolithic 
(or, as I prefer to call it, the Neoanthropic) Age, possibly somewhat modified 
in the course of his southern migration. It probably represents the earliest 
(not necessarily in actual age) known phase of Homo sapiens in the course 
of his transformation from a condition analogous to that of Neanderthal 
man to that of Cro-Magnon. 
When I have access to the calvaria itself I shall return to the con- 
sideration of the cranial cast and enter in greater detail into the critical 
discussion of the points hinted at in these general speculations. 
* In my full report upon the Boskop cast I shall set forth the reasons for adopting 
this view, which differs from that of most recent writers (some of whom regard 
Neanderthal man as the representative of a distinct phylum extending back to the 
Heideberg man). 
2 
