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I 
Oct., 1921] BECHTEL — FLORAL ANATOMY OF URTICALES 4OI 
particularly adapted to insect visitation has been over-emphasized. Evi- 
dence has been presented that the angiospermous prototype (Robertson, 
17) was entomophilous and that the anemophilous condition has been 
recently acquired. A character that in many instances accompanies the 
entomophilous flower is the multiovulate condition. The vascular supply 
of the placenta of Ulmus, the flowers of which are least reduced of those 
genera studied, indicates that whereas but one ovule is now borne, a multi- 
ovulate condition probably existed formerly. 
The characters gamophylly, zygomorphy, bicarpellate,'uniovulate ovary, 
vestigial organs, indicate certain specialization and a high flower type. 
However, it is only in Ulmus that the gamophyllous character exists. The 
gamophylly of Ulmus is to be considered an isolated instance of this tendency 
in the Polypetalae. Finally, from the evidence gathered, the Ulmaceae are 
primitive forms but with many advanced characters. They should be con- 
sidered highly reduced and specialized forms among primitive groups. 
Moraceae. The flowers of Morus and Madura are anatomically alike, 
although the former has a pistil with two styles and the latter a pistil with 
one style. Anatomy reveals two carpels in each case. This reduction in 
the gynoecium of Madura is no doubt a feature accompanying the dense 
inflorescence. For the same reason the common variation in the size and 
venation of its perianth parts, as previously described, occurs. The three- 
veined character of the perianth parts is constant in the Morus pistillate 
flower but not constant in that of Madura. This suggests a palmate ve- 
nation which corresponds to the venation of the foliage leaves. The leaves of 
Morus, as in many related genera, have three basal veins, and when the 
foliage leaves are large they have three lobes. According to Sinnott and 
Bailey (19), palmate venation is the primitive type in the angiosperms, and 
where it occurs in the floral parts only, as it does inconstantly in Madura, it 
is a "persistence of an ancient character which has been lost elsewhere." 
This sign of primitiveness is conspicuous also in the perianth parts of Ulmus 
(p. 388). The anterior and posterior perianth parts have three veins as a 
nearly constant character. The midvein departs first, and soon the lateral 
veins separate from it. 
Humulus and Cannabis form a type distinct from Morus and Madura. 
The very delicate gamophyllous perianth in the pistillate flowers (p. 396) 
has been produced undoubtedly by the large persisting bract which envelops 
these flowers. Since the vascular supply is evident only in the upper part 
of the perianth, it is an indication that the perianth is in the process of dis- 
appearing. As the venation in the perianth parts of Ulmus and Morus was 
interpreted by referring to the venation of the foliage of the same, the 
perianth of Humulus and Cannabis can be so interpreted. The leaves of 
these two species have palmate venation and both are multi-digitately 
veined. Thus the many small veins of the perianth of Humulus and Can- 
