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large estates by corporations and individual capitalists with 
cheap labor of classes largely ineligible, or at least indisposed, 
to citizenship of Hawaii and the United States. Conditions and 
events now seem to have converged into a situation where a revo- 
lution, not necessarily sudden, may be expected to take place in 
the agricultural status of these islands. It will be in two grand 
divisions. The first one will affect the present main industry 
of cane sugar production, the second will manifest itself in stimu- 
lation of diversified industries of the soil. Sugar cane will con- 
tinue to be grown and ground on large plantations, but some of 
these will become in whole or in part groups of small farms 
owned by the cultivators. Corporations will retain the manu- 
facture of sugar, or else leave it to cooperation of the small 
farmer groups — most likely the former arrangement prevailing 
at least for a long time to come. Large plantations whose land 
is owned by the present capitalistic operators will more and 
more come to derive their labor from the independent farming 
population and such elements capable of citizenship as will im- 
migrate hither with a view to becoming industrial settlers. Some 
of them, it is not improbable, will be moved by examples of 
other plantations composed of cane farms successfully worked 
by the owners to portion out their estates among settlers upon 
some basis of permanent tenure conditional on their raising sugar 
cane for the corporation mill. 
An event of this year which tends to the changes in the sugar 
industry just mentioned is the passage by Congress of amend- 
ments to the Organic Act which affect the administration of 
Hawaiian public lands. For some years past, as the old and 
cheap leases of government land held by sugar plantations have 
fallen in, such renewals as were granted contained a clause en- 
abling the government to cancel the lease when it might be 
deemed expedient to open the land for homesteading purposes. 
There was nothing binding upon the government, however, to 
require homesteading of the land. In some cases the leaseholds- 
were surrendered for homesteading at the outset, but somehow 
or other many purchasers or lessees of homesteads failed to 
maintain their holdings. Still there \vas the restriction of the 
Organic Act which prevents a corporation from owning more 
than one thousand acres, so that over that limit the corporation 
could only regain control of the land under lease with the home- 
stead clause in it. One of the land law amendments of the Or- 
ganic Act is to make the homesteading of public lands compulsory 
on the government whenever twenty-five citizens make application 
for homesteads upon a particular tract. This materially changes 
the status of lands held as leaseholds by sugar planters, who must 
now give the lands up whenever the required number of intending 
homesteaders apply for them. It is easy to see then that if the cor- 
porations occupying public lands are to continue to derive sugar 
cane therefrom, they can only do so by amicable 'irrangement 
