235 
It is interesting also to know that the bulk of the rice bran 
is used as manure. The reasons for this are : first, powdered 
stone is used in milling the rice, which prohibits the use of 
the bran as a feed; second, there is comparatively little live 
stock in Japan to which it might be fed. 
All these concentrated and highly-available manures ex- 
cepting fish guano are used directly, in a finely-comminuted 
state, on the growing rice. The amount applied varies from 
one to two tons per acre, one-half when the seedlings are 
from three to four weeks old, and the remainder in August, 
about two months before the harvest. The second application, 
however, may be made in smaller quantities at intervals of 
two or three weeks. The fish guano is applied in much 
smaller amounts. 
Often when there is an excess of fine material in the com- 
posts, that is substituted for ground oil cake. As has already 
been stated, human excrement, either solid or liquid, is rarely 
used directly in paddy fields for obvious reasons. Among 
the green manures, soy beans have usually given the best re- 
sults, ton for ton, but the yields of a given area are consider- 
ably less than either Genge or bur clover, which are used 
to a much greater extent. In addition to the green manures 
especially grown, large quantities of grass and weeds are cut 
from waste places and incorporated into the soil. Sweet 
potato tops, when not feed to cattle, are also used with ex- 
cellent results. Rice straw is seldom used for manuring, as it 
is considered more valuable for manufacturing purposes. It 
is largely used in making rice bags, matting, thatch, etc. 
From the above, it will be evident that the Japanese prac- 
tice is to manure to the limit and crop unceasingly. They 
have been doing so for a thousand years or more, and their 
land is more fertile today than when the}^ began. The Ha- 
waiian grower can take some valuable lessons from this. 
Other crops which may prove valuable to the Hawaiian 
grower, are wheat and barley, to be grown in rotation with 
rice. There are many cultivated varieties of barley, which 
may be divided in a general way into the common hulled 
barleys and the hulless varieties. The former are exten- 
sively used in the brewing of beer, as a cereal to be mixed 
with rice for human consumption, and as a fodder for horses 
and cattle. The latter are grown wholly for human consump- 
tion. They have the special advantage of maturing earlier 
than the hulled varieties. 
One hundred pounds each of the following standard varie- 
ties of Barley was secured for seed purposes : Katano 
( ^ If ^ heavy-yielding variety with closely-adhering 
hulls, and Osome ( ), an early-maturing ‘"naked” va- 
riety. Both have long been grown under the moist conditions 
of paddy fields. 
