226 
Tra7isactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 
temporaneous with, but more probably earlier than the Eoanthropus, the 
" Man of Dawn," a man found associated with flint implements of 
Palaeolithic type. It is in the mandible that the new genus differs from 
man ; the forehead is steep, and the brow-ridges are small, whereas in 
the Neandertal men the forehead is low and very sloping, and the brow- 
ridges are enormously developed. 
The discovery of the several examples of the Homo neandertalensis led 
to the belief that he w^as the ancestor of Homo sapiens, or man of this 
present period, at least in Europe. But another school prefers to see in 
the Neandertal man a kind of degenerated side branch that led nowhere. 
According to this school, the high forehead of Eoanthropus is a primitive 
character of the Hominidae, and the sloping forehead and huge brow- 
ridges of Homo neandertalensis are only secondary acquirements. If we 
were, however, to discover a human skull with a not very high, yet as 
nearly a vertical forehead as the Bushman, and also without very 
prominent orbits, but Neandertal in other respects, it would go far 
towards the assumption that the Neandertal race is not one that led 
nowhere. Such a find, however, is that of the " Boskop Man," a detailed 
account of w^hich will be given you soon, I hope. 
The La Chapelle man, which, being the most complete relic of its 
kind, is more reliable for comparison, is considered to be a Middle 
Pleistocene man, and its lithic industry to belong to the Mousterian. 
The very little found w^th the "Boskop" — two flakes and a scraper — 
may be looked upon as resembling the Mousterian lithic industry. The 
scraper might be of any period either Palaeolithic or Neolithic, only that 
the object of this address is to show w4th perhaps additional proofs my 
contention that the Neolithic in South Africa is really unknown. There 
is here no hiatus, no distinct period of horn and bone, or both, asso- 
ciated with stone, in the manner obtaining in the Northern Hemisphere, 
and certainly no polished stone period, nor bronze period. One would 
naturally expect that what obtained in other parts of the world, such as 
the Northern Hemisphere, would be repeated here ; but it is not repeated. 
The great mass of documents now in our possession go far to sub- 
stantiate this conclusion. That there has been an evolution is patent, 
but to this evolution cannot be assigned a date (uncertain, of course, and 
not expressible in years), as has been possible in Europe, where the 
Neolithic evolves directly from the Palaeolithic. My object is to try and 
prove that one of the surviving races in South Africa, the Bushman, if not 
the direct descendant of the primitive men, our ancestors, has, either 
through a share in filiation or by contact with them, retained a part, if 
not the whole, of their culture until to-day. In order to give weight to 
my contention, I propose to compare our documents with those obtained 
in Europe and elsewhere, taking as an assumption that although 
