228 Transactions of the Boyal Society of South Africa. 
possibility is the only theory — either of contact with other races of 
Hominidae or identity of these races. The geological formations of this. 
Pleistocene epoch renders the thing feasible. 
In Pleistocene times the Mediterranean was not the barrier it proves 
now, the continents of Europe and Africa were connected with Asia, 
and if they were not so during the very early periods of mankind, 
Eastern Europe and Asia were affording a land route to migrations. 
Early man was perforce a hunter. This point cannot be too strongly 
pressed ; hunting means covering ground, game moves in search of food, 
so does the hunter. And thus the picture I drew for another publication 
does not seem, after all, an impossible one. 
''Let us assume that primitive man originated in Africa. When he 
invades Europe in the Chellean times, the climate is attractive ; he brings 
with him his primitive weapons, the weapons of the chase, defence or 
offence. Are the ferae naturae which he has to encounter such formidable 
and unknown beasts as to daunt his courage ? Certainly not. Hyaena 
spelaea he knows well, it is the present H. crociita, found now only in 
South and Central Africa ; Hyaena hrunnea, occurring now from Senegal 
to South Africa, he also knows well. The tooth-sabred tiger or the cavern 
lion could have for him no more terror than his old acquaintance Fells leo 
or Felis pardus, the present lion and leopard whom, besides, he meets 
again in that country new to him. Is he frightened by Elephas antiquus f 
No; it is his old acquaintance now called E. africanus. Hippopotamus 
major is his old friend, H. amphibius ; Bhinoceros mercki he cannot 
distinguish from B. simus, B. bicornis, or B. heitloa. No such niceties in 
identification for him. He either defends himself against them, or uses 
his growing cunning in mastering them, especially the formidable cavern 
bear Ursus spelaeus, which he has not met before. He finds no longer 
the numerous antelopes of his acquaintance, it is true, but Bos bison has 
the same attraction for him who has slain Bubalus baini or B. antiquus. 
It is quite possible that he has not known these denizens of an intensely 
cold climate, the woolly rhinoceros, the mammoth, the reindeer. Ho 
would follow the animals which he knew, beasts driven back by cold 
to receding warmer climes — to climes where, as in South Africa, the total 
absence of traces of pleistocene Ice Age clearly proves that there did not 
exist at the time the increasing rigour of the elements that has come 
to prevail in the country whence he retreats, either following the 
migration of the game on which he subsists or migrating to where it is 
found still. 
" And if he is not of African origin, if he is of the Neandertal-Chapelle 
race, but, unlike the latter, has not been able to accommodate himself to 
the new climatic conditions, then in his retreat southward and especially 
to the African continent, he probably accompanies, or comes across there 
