Presidential Address. 
229 
most of his old acquaintances, if not all, many of them, i.e., the 
hippopotamus, the elephant, the hyaena. He finds himself among 
antelopes which he did not know, but horses which he knew. The 
hyaenas follow him, for is he not providing crumbs for them. He con- 
tinues the application of methods which he has perfected elsewhere. 
In his emigration southwards, where he no longer finds the flint nodule 
so easily worked into implements, he resorts to any stone hard enough to 
ensure its object ; hence the use of quartzite, hence also the discrepancy 
in technique, more apparent than real, since ultimately the ' knapping ' 
becomes as perfect as that of the best flint. But the primary use for 
which the implements of new material are made is the same. They 
are intended to be used as picks or spades for digging trenches, cleavers 
to cut stakes or palisades, and the manufacture of other tools for domestic 
use here accompanies or follows that of the bouchers if it has not pre- 
ceded it." 
Progress of Culture. 
Towards the end of the Mousterian are revealed indices of a culture 
other than that of the usual handiwork. They increase in the shape 
of better finished and more varied forms in the Aurignacian, to such an 
extent as to cause surprise. They improve again in the Solutrean, and 
make special forward strides in the Magdalenian, the latter called also the 
Eeindeer period. 
It is this so-called "hiatus," this solution of continuity in the progress 
of culture which perturbs antiquarians, and makes its explanation 
diflicult, even by making the Solutrean period precede the Aurignacian, 
instead of following it. It must, however be remembered that in the 
Aurignacian time or epoch climate had become milder, thereby making 
possible again another immigration of a race of men whose mental 
abilities had reached a higher plane than that of the Mousterian man 
of Europe, and certainly in a milder climate. 
Had the primordial attempt at reconstituting man's prehistoric evolu- 
tion on the basis of the artefacts he left behind him originated on material 
obtained in South Africa, it is plain, to me at least, that we should have 
had to adopt another nomenclature as well as to ascribe the dawn of art — 
the true test, after all, of mind's progress to the Acheulean lithic period — 
which here is not differentiated from the Chellean and the Mousterian 
— because we have found unmistakable proof of their contemporaneity 
with the finest and best executed rock-carvings representing wild animals 
discovered anywhere hitherto. These representations, in which relief is 
combined with intaglio and pointing, are executed on a basaltic rock, by 
nature of extremely hard texture. A few inches below the surface, in 
a pan," were found at one station very finely worked bouchers of different 
