AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF GYMNOSPORANGIUM GALLS 415 
3. Young galls have two distinct fibro vascular systems, one of 
which is a leaf-trace bundle, and the other a stem. 
4. The more or less modified stem which enters the base of the 
older galls gradually breaks up and radiates outward, deeper in the 
gall tissue. 
5. Leaf tissue is also involved in gall formation, and remains of it 
are usually to be found adhering to the older galls. 
6. Normal stems sometimes appear to have grown out from the 
surface of the older galls. 
7. Accessory stem structures occur, which probably originate by a 
branching of the main stem in the gall. 
8. Broad, ray-like masses of parenchyma, surrounded by tracheids, 
are of rather common occurrence. 
9. Irregularly twisted masses of fibro vascular tissue occur which 
are similar in many respects to like structures in traumatic wood. 
10. Cells which are transitional between parenchyma and tracheids 
are quite abundant. 
11. The irregularly running bundles in the gall are composed 
largely of scalariform tracheids. 
12. The statements in the above summary apply in a general way 
to both the galls considered in this article. 
Department of Botany, 
University of Wisconsin 
SUMMARY OF LITERATURE CITED 
1. Coons, G. H. Some Investigations on the Cedar Rust Fungus, Gymnospor- 
angium juniperi-virginianae. Ann. Rep. Neb. Exp. Sta. 25: 217-245. pis. 
1-5. 1912. 
2. De Bary, A. Comparative Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs of Phanerogams 
and Ferns. 659. 1884. 
3. De Lamarliere, G. Sur les Mycocecidies des Gymnosporangium. Ann. Sci. 
Nat. Bot. IX 2: 313-350, pis. 9-12. 1905. 
4. Engler, A. & Prantl, K. Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. i^: 570. 1900. 
5. Heald, E. D. The Life History of the Cedar Rust Fungus Gymnosporangium 
juniperi-virginianae Schw. Ann. Rep. Neb. Agric. Exp. Sta. 22: 105-113, 
pis. 1-13. 1909. 
6. Kern, F. D. A Biologic and Taxonomic Study of the genus Gymnosporangium. 
Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 391-494, pis. 151-161. 1909-1911. 
7. Maule, C. Faserverlauf im Wundholz. Bibl. Bot. Heft 33: 1-32, pis. 1-2. 
1895. 
8. Sanford, E. Microscopical Anatomy of the Common Cedar Apple (Gymno- 
sporangium macropus). Annals of Botany i: 263-268, pi. 13. 1888. 
