ii8 
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS. 
Astringents are drugs which aid in checking secretions such as 
diarrhoea and dysentery : — 
(7) Opium ... ... ... 3 drs. 
Powdered catechu ••• 6 drs. 
Powdered cardamoms ... ... 4 drs. 
Powdered chalk ... ... 2 to 4 ozs. (mix well). 
Every four hours, if necessary. 
(8) Opium ... ... ... 3 drs. 
Acetate of lead ... ,., i dr. 
Powdered ginger ... ... 6 drs. to i oz. 
Twice a day. 
Sulphate of copper ... ... i dr. 
Or powdered alum ... ... 2 drs. 
May be used in lieu of the lead. 
Gallic or tannic acid may be given in doses from 2 to 4 drs. 
combined with opium. These acids should not be combined with 
metallic salts : — 
(9) Pomegranate peel powdered, in doses of 6 drs. to 3 ozs,, is also a 
good astringent, to which may be added 2 or 3 drs. of 
powdered cinnamon or i or 2 drs. of opium. 
Bael fruit is very useful, as also is solution of gum arabic. 
(10) Opium ... ... ... 2 to 4 drs. 
Gallic or tannic acid ... ... 2 drs. 
Piir»ento, or nutmeg ... ... 4 drs. 
Once or twice daily. 
Carnn natives, cordials, or digestive tonics. — Warm stimulating 
drugs generally possessing an agreeable taste and odour, such as 
aromatic seeds, spices. They dispel flatus, allay griping, temporarily 
restore exhausted strength and rouse the system. They are generally 
given mixed with ghee, jaggery, by mahouts, under the name 
of mussauls. They are also beneficial combined with stimulants, 
rum, brandy, especially to an animal suffering from cold and 
fatigue. 
The more important are turmeric, garlic, cardamoms, nutmeg, 
cinnamon, coriander, aniseed, ginger, caraway, allspice, cloves, mace, 
cummin, mustard seeds, long pepper, black pepper, fennel, fenu- 
greek, liquorice, omum and assafoetida. Dose \ oz. twice a day ; 
but of all these drugs as much as . 2 ozs. per diem may be given. 
Capsicum is useful in doses from \ to i\ drs. 
