A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS. 
Nitrate of Potash ... | 02. 
Common Salt ... ... 2 ozs. 
Aniseed ... ... | oz. 
Tamarind or jaggery ... A sufficiency. 
Give twice a day in bolus. 
Salammoniac ... 
Cardamoms ... ... ^ 5 oz. of each. 
Ginger 
Give twice daily. 
Aconite leaves, powdered ... 3 drs. 
Calomel ... ... 6 drs. 
Jaggery ... ... 8 ozs. 
Divide into eight pills ; give one every night. 
Also see " Diuretics " and " Mussauls." 
Any stimulant may be given every few hours. 
(3) Pain. — This may be suspected when the animal groans 
frequently without any evident reason. Its locality is sometimes 
revealed by the behaviour as for instance when pain is in a limb 
that member is favoured, evidenced by being lifted with caution or 
carried stiffly during progression ; if in the abdomen, manifest 
uneasiness is shown by frequently lying down and getting up, biting 
the trunk or keeping the tip in the mouth for some time, or by other 
unusual behaviour sometimes taking up extraordinary positions, etc. 
Treatment. — May be local or general. The former is best 
practised by the application of heat to the part, and hot water is 
usually the handiest and best agent to use ; also see Part III, Formula 
76, and for general treatment see Formulae i to 6. 
(4) Appetite. — May be partially or completely lost, or may be 
depraved as shown by eating earth, which symptom must be care- 
fully distinguished from a custom amongst many wild animals which 
visit "salt-licks " and eat earth to obtain salt. 
(5) Debility — Like fever is a symptom indicative of disease 
rather than a disease per se, and may be brought about by a multi- 
plicity of causes which may be of a very variable nature, and may 
be summed up as follows : — 
Causes. — [a) Condition of life. — From liberty to captivity, 
necessitating as it does an artificial in lieu of a natural existence. 
{h) Diet. — Food may be insufficient in quantity, lacking in 
quality or variety. Salt, a most necessary ingredient, may not be 
allowed or if allowed may be insufficient, often being appropriated 
by the attendants (a very frequent fault). 
\c) Overwork. — Either as regards overtaxing of strength, or to 
