A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS. 
is characterized by a more or less sudden subsidence of the 
symptoms — great prostration, rapidity and weakness of the pulse, 
sunken eyes and markedly foetid breath. Sometimes an abscess 
or abscesses may form and the condition may be suspected by a 
continuance of the fever, coldness, shivering fits and marked dulness. 
Treatment : General. — Careful nursing and attention to diet 
are of the first importance. The animal should be placed in a 
sheltered position, out of wind and rain. With regard to diet, plenty 
of freshly-made gruel. Fruits and fresh grass in small quantities 
should be offered frequently. Stimulants such as whisky, brandy, 
rum, in 8-oz. doses every few hours, are very beneficial. 
If the temperature is high, euquinine in doses of a drachm to 
one and a half drachms may be given every four hours till the tem- 
perature falls, or sweet spirits of nitre in 3-oz. doses every few hours, 
or nitre in 4-dr. doses every four hours in drinking water. It is as 
well not to give more than one and a half ounces nitre in all. 
When the breathing is distressed, alcoholic stimulants and hot 
fomentations to the sides tend to relieve the animal. 
In pneumonia watching the animal and maintaining the strength- 
are the chief points to be attended to. 
During convalescence moderate exercise, nourishing but not too 
much food, should be given ; also Tonics [see Formulae 39 to 46). 
Local. — Blankets wrung out of hot water as hot as the hand 
w^ill bear and applied frequently to the sides afford relief. After 
fomenting, the sides should be rubbed dry and some mild embroca- 
tion such as soap liniment, should be rubbed in to prevent chilling 
(see Formulae 72 and 73). 
Traumatic Pneumonia. 
In this condition the pneumonia is due to the penetration of 
the lungs from without or to severe blows on the chest or injuries 
inflicted by a broken rib. 
Symptoms. — High temperature, shivering, a small fast pulse, 
evidence of injury. There is prostration, weakness, at times profuse 
diarrhoea. The breath owing to gangrene of the lung has as a rule 
an intolerable stench. This form of pneumonia is generally fatal. 
Treatment. — Cleanse the wounds thoroughly and keep them 
well disinfected. The strength of the animal should be maintained ; 
fluids should not be forced on an animal. If he can be induced to 
take it, euquinine in drachm doses to reduce temperature may be 
tried. 
