LIVER. 
due to filarial infection, and in these cases certain kinds of mosquitoes 
have been proved to be the intermediary hosts. The long slender 
white worms in the heart so commonly occurring among dogs in 
this province and China, are the filartse immitts. In animals 
mosquitoes, ticks and lice may be the intermediary hosts, or the 
worms may be taken ingested direct from infected water. In the 
elephant, blood examination has on many occasions revealed the 
presence of embryonic filartse in the peripheral blood. Whether 
the fully developed filariss are of any significance in connection with 
any elephant disease remains to be seen. In one case the elephant 
was the subject of flukes, in two others the animals were emaciated 
and surra was suspected and again they were present in some cases 
of surra. In several cases, however, the infected animals appeared 
to be in good health. 
Diseases of the Liver. 
As is the case in most diseases of the internal organs, their 
diagnosis is obscure owing to the indefinite and undecided nature of 
the symptoms. Yet we know from post-mortem examination that 
this organ is frequently the seat of disease. When we observe 
jaundiced (yellowish) membranes with very high-coloured urine, it is 
a decided symptom pointing to liver derangement, but the absence of 
such is no proof that the liver is not the seat of serious mischief. 
Icterus or Jaundice. 
This is not a disease but merely a symptom, and is applied to a 
condition in which the visible mucous membranes take on a 
yellowish colour. This is due to the liver being surcharged with 
bile, which is re-absorbed by that organ and passed into the blood. 
It is a common symptom in many liver complaints which may arise 
from a variety of causes. 
Causes — May be due to a chill, infectious diseases, or to 
indifferent food, flukes. 
Symptoms. — Fever, loss of appetite, thirst, often diarrhoea ; later 
the mucous membranes of the eye and eyelids become yellowish or 
deep citron or orange colour ; the mouth and palate in severe cases 
are markedly yellow and the urine is especially so, being a deep 
orange or greenish yellow. The animal is sluggish ; the mouth is 
often dry. In intense cases of jaundice the symptoms are usually 
severe ; constipation may be pronounced owing to the absence of 
