3o8 
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS. 
Dr. A. Lingard, late Imperial Bacteriologist to the Government 
of India, experimented on two elephants as to their susceptibility ta 
equine surra. The conclusion he arrived at was that old Indian 
elephants in health are either insusceptible or only very slightly 
susceptible. In carrying out these experiments he injected subcu- 
taneously in large doses virulent blood containing Trypanosoma 
evansi " in numbers. 
I am indebted to Captain J. D. Holmes, C.V.D., now holding 
the above appointment, for the following note on these experiments. 
One elephant inoculated with 20 c.c. of blood drawn from the 
jugular vein of a control pony and kept under observation for about 
four months did not show any organism in the blood and was then 
discontinued. 
The second elephant inoculated with 500 c.c. equine surra 
blood defibrinated, showed few organisms on the fourth day after 
inoculation, and these continued for six weeks. 
The following numbers of Paroxysms and Intermissions were: 
observed : — 
Length. 
No. of Organisms, 
1st p. 
Six weeks 
Few. 
1st I . 
Three days 
2nd P. 
Nine days 
Few. 
2nd I. 
Two days 
3rd P. 
Four days 
Few. 
3rd I. 
Six days 
4Lh P. 
Sixteen days 
Few. 
4th I. 
Two days 
5th P. 
Six days 
Few, 
5th I. 
Four days 
6th P. 
? 
Few. 
The observations were discontinued and later on the animal 
was disposed of in good health, without any visible effects of the 
disease. 
Post-mortem. — Body generally much emaciated ; on opening the 
abdomen a considerable quantity of straw-coloured fluid may be 
observed. The internal organs are pale in colour, i.e., more or less 
bloodless. The liver, also spleen, is sometimes enlarged, dark 
(claret-coloured) spots or patches are often present on surface of the 
latter organ. The kidneys are often enlarged, congested and 
blotched with dark-coloured spots. In mules and ponies in Burma 
we frequently notice that the mucous membrane of the stomach is 
ulcerated and stained a peculiar yellow, in fact there may be 
general tinge of yellow all over the membrane. In the chest we find 
heart pale, often flabby, and there is usually a quantity of straw- 
