332 
APPENDICES. 
was not. This all occurred in an open paddy field and only a few 
yards from where Mr. Dalgliesh was standing. He has now 
witnessed this act on five occasions and not on any one did the 
congress last more than three minutes. In all cases the animals 
except for a slight movement of the tail remained motionless. 
{b) No. 218, Ne-Nooan, belonging to the Borneo Company, 
Limited, dropped a still-born calf (sex not reported) in December 
1907 ; the same elephant dropped a male calf in October 1909; 
that is well within two years. This case proves that cow elephants 
will permit of intercourse with a bull shortly after calving. The 
explanation in this instance may be that the first calf was still-born. 
{SeeVdiVt II, pages 93 — 95.) 
Appendix G. — Case of Impaction and Rupture 
OF (Esophagus. 
Mr. Hepburn in a letter describes a case of impaction and 
rupture of the gullet which he recently met with in an elephant. 
The animal in question was gored by a wild tusker in the 
middle third of the neck. The wound was deep and extended 
inwards and upwards. It was enlarged and washed out twice daily 
and it gradually healed. The animal was not put to work. A 
short time afterwards he was reported not to have touched food for 
two days. Mr. Hepburn saw him late in the evening. He found 
the animal not exactly vomiting, but his mouth was kept open and 
large quantities of a clear watery fluid were discharged. He had 
not partaken of any food and the breath was noticed to have a very 
offensive smell. He died the next day. 
On post-mortem the original wound was found closed but a 
channel was met with running downwards along the gullet and 
windpipe into a cavity full of pus and food. A rupture about one 
inch long was found on the upper surface of the gullet which was 
impacted with food for some distance above. 
Mr. Hepburn is of opinion that the impaction and rupture 
resulted from the pressure of the abscess on the gullet. [See Part 
IV, page 252.) 
Appendix H. — Subra. 
Mr. Hepburn kindly gave me a few notes on an outbreak of 
surra which occurred amongst some of the elephants in his charge. 
The principal symptoms noted by him were dulness, a heavy sleepy 
look about the eyes, paleness of mucous membranes and considerable 
fever, together with oedematous swellings in various parts of the 
body. In one case there was a slight mucoid discharge from the 
eyes. There was not much loss of condition. The treatm^ent 
