( 9 ) 
swallow small stones, to augment the trituration. (2) in thf? 
greater number of species which only live on flesh or fish, the 
muscles and the lining of the gizzard are reduced to an extreme 
weakness, and it seems to form but a single bag with the suc- 
centurium. (5) The dilatation of the crop is also sometimes 
wanting. (4) 
The liver pours the bile into the intestines by two conduits, 
which alternate with the two or three by which the pancreatic 
liquor passes. (5) The pancreas of Birds is considerable, but 
their spleen is small ; they want the epiploon, the uses of which 
are partly supplied by the cells of the aerian cavities; (6) two blind 
appendices are placed towards the origin of the rectum, and at a 
little distance from the anus ; they are more or less long, accord- 
ing to the diet of the bird. (7) The Herons have but one, which 
is short; other genera, as the Pici, want them entirely. 
instead of in the mouth, which is not furnished with salivary glands 
like ours. 
(2) The digestion of Birds is thus assisted by a mechanical in addition 
to the chemical power. 
(3) The most striking proof that it is much more laborious to digest 
vegetables than flesh, is, that the intestines of the cat, which eats nothing 
but flesh in its wild state, become one-third longer in the domestic 
state, when they so frequently eat vegetables and bread: they are 
known to be the same species. 
(4) The A nas and the Insectivores of Temminck (the Ant Eaters, the 
Motacillce of Lin. Ciiicli, etc.) also want the crop or prolohus. When 
the crop, or even the succenturium, is wanting, as in the Aquilae, the 
Bird is supplied either with very long intestines or very long caecums, 
and the upper part of the gizzard or stomach is generally armed with 
numerous extra glands, the juices from which compensate in a degree 
for the absence of the other aids of digestion. This muscular stomach 
or gizzard of Birds is said to be more fleshy in proportion as the animal 
possesses a weaker beak, or as its nourishment is more solid. On quit- 
ting this stomach, the aliments, reduced to a sort of pap or chyme, 
pass through the rest of the intestinal canal, wherein the most nutri- 
tive parts are absorbed for the support or repair of the body ; the rest 
being ejected by the cloaca. Yauquelin discovered twice the quantity 
of phosphate of lime in the excrements of Birds, which he found in the 
grains forming their exclusive nourishment. 
(5) The secretion of the pancreas is to moderate or soften the strength 
of the bile. 
(6) The epiploon is a sort of web, enveloping the intestines of Mam- 
malia, to support them in their place, and the injury of which is the 
cause of hernia or rupture. 
(7) The use of the c cecum is not known ; see fig. 10, c c, those of the 
common fowl 5 this Bird h provided with long csecums as well as the 
