150 
ORGANOGRAPHY. 
BOOK I. 
top, as in several Ericineae (Plate III. fig. 22.); or in the 
two thecae being confluent at the apex, and bursting by a 
common foramen or tube, as in Tetratheca (See Plate IV. 
fig. 4.). In other cases a separation of determinate portions 
of the membrane takes place, either the whole length of the 
theca, as in Hamamelideae and Berberideae, or corresponding 
with its subdivisions, as in several Laurineae, or lastly, having 
no obvious relation to internal structure as in certain species 
of Rhizophora. In Laurineae and Berberideae the anthers are 
technically said to burst by valves (Plate IV. fig. 10, 11.), 
that is to say, the dehiscence does not take place by a cen- 
tral line, but the whole face of the cell separates from the 
anther, and curls backwards, adhering to it only at the apex 
to which it is, as it were, hinged. 
The cells of the anther have frequently little appendages, 
as in different species of Erica, when they resemble setae, 
aristae, or crests. (Plate III. fig. 29.) 
The anthers are attached to the filament either by their 
base, when they are called innate (Plate III. fig. 27. 21. 23.), 
or by their back, when they are adnate (Plate III. fig. 13.), 
or by a single point of the connective from which they lightly 
swing : in the latter case they are said to be versatile. This 
form is common to all true Grasses. 
When the line of dehiscence is towards the pistil, the 
anthers are called by Brown anticce, but by other botanists 
introrscB, or turned inwards : when the line is towards the 
petals they are said by Brown to be posticce, and by other 
botanists to be extrorscB, or turned outwards. 
The connective is usually continuous with the filament, 
and terminates j ust at the apex of the anther ; but in some 
plants, as Compositae, it is articulated with the filament 
(Plate IV. fig. 5.). In others it is lengthened far beyond the 
apex (Plate IV. fig. 6. 9.), now into a kind of crest, as in many 
Scitamineae ; now into a sort of horn, as in Asclepiadeae ; now 
into a kind of secreting cup-like body articulated with the 
apex, as in Adenostemon. Very frequently it is enlarged in 
various ways. For cases of this kind see Plates III. and IV. 
Its being sometimes two-lobed, or forked, has been already 
noticed (Plate IV. fig. 7.). The lining of the anther has 
