194 
ORGANOGRAPHY. 
BOOK I. 
2. Capsella^ the same, if small and one-seeded. 
3. Nux^ externally hard, 
4. Nucula^ externally hard, small, and one-seeded. 
5. Drupa, externally soft, internally hard. 
6. Pomum, fleshy or succulent, and large. 
7. Bacca^ fleshy or succulent, and small. 
8. Bacca sicca, fleshy when unripe, dry when ripe, and 
then distinguishable from the capsule by not being brown. 
^j^"^^'^^^' 1. the pericarps of certain natural orders. 
10. Sihqua, J 
11. Amphispermium, a pericarpium which is of the same 
figure as the seed it contains. 
In more recent times there have been three principal 
attempts at classing and naming the different modifications of 
fruit ; namely, those of Richard, Mirbel, and Desvaux. These 
writers have all distinguished a considerable number of varia- 
tions, of which it is important to be aware for some purposes, 
although their nomenclature is not much employed in practice. 
But, in proportion as the utility of a classification of fruit con- 
sists in its theoretical explanation of structure rather than in 
a strict applicability to practice, it becomes important that it 
should be founded upon characters which are connected with 
internal and physiological distinctions rather than with external 
and arbitrary forms. Viewing the subject thus, it is not to be 
concealed that, notwithstanding the undoubted experience and 
talent of the writers just mentioned, their carpological systems 
are essentially defective. Besides this, each of the three writers 
has felt himself justified in contriving a nomenclature at vari- 
ance with that of his predecessors, for reasons which it is diffi- 
cult to comprehend. 
If a complete carpological nomenclature is to be established, 
it ought to be carried farther than has yet been done, and to 
depend upon principles of a more strictly theoretical charac- 
ter. I have accordingly ventured to propose a new arrange- 
ment, in which an attempt has been made to adjust the syno- 
nyms of carpological writers, and in which the names that 
seem to be most legitimate are retained in every case, their 
definitions only being altered; previously to which I shall 
briefly explain the methods of Richard, Mirbel, and Desvaux. 
