228 
ORGANOGRAPHY. 
BOOK I. 
at the base, called stipulce or amphigastria ; or a sinuous flat 
mass of green vegetable matter lying upon the ground. 
In Jungermannia, that part which is most obviously con- 
nected with the reproduction of the plant, and which bears an 
indisputable analogy to the theca of mosses, is a valvular 
brown case, called the capsule or conceptacle (sporocarpium), 
elevated upon a white cellular tender seta, and originating 
from a hollow sheath or perichaetium arising among the leaves. 
This conceptacle contains a number of loose spiral fibres 
(elaters), enclosed in membranous cases, among which sporules 
lie intermixed : when fully ripe, the membranous case usually 
disappears, the spiral fibres, which are powerfully hygro- 
metic, uncurl, and the sporules are dispersed. When young, 
the conceptacle is enclosed in a membranous bag, which it 
ruptures when it elongates, but which it does not carry 
upwards upon its point, as mosses carry their calyptra. This 
part, nevertheless, bears the latter name. 
Besides the cpnceptacles of Jungermannia, there are two 
other parts which are thought to be also intended for the 
purpose of reproduction : of these one consists of spherical 
bodies, scattered over the surface of some parts of the frond, 
and containing a granular substance ; the other is a hollow 
pouch, formed out of the two coats of a flat frond, and produc- 
ing from its inside, which is the centre of the frond, numerous 
granulated round bodies which are discharged through the 
funnel-shaped apex of the pouch. 
There are also other bodies situated in the axillae of the 
perichaetial leaves, called anthers (or spermatocystidia, by 
Hedwig, and staminidia, by Agardh), which "are externally 
composed of an extremely thin, pellucid, diaphanous mem- 
brane," — " within they are filled with a fluid, and mixed 
with a very minute granulated substance, generally of an 
olivaceous or greyish colour : this, when the anther has 
arrived at a state of maturity, escapes through an irregularly 
shaped opening, which bursts at the extremity." Von Mar- 
tins suspects them to be analogous to the sporangia of Azolla. 
In Monoclea and Targionia organs very analogous to those 
of Jungermannia are formed for reproduction. 
In Marchantia the frond is a lobed flat green substance, 
