BOOK V. 
GEOGRAPHY. 
505 
b. The higher regions of the mountains of Europe, North Asia, 
and probably also of North America. Likewise from the snow-line 
to the tree-limit, namely; in Northern Scandinavia, 1500 — 3000 
French feet, in Southern Scandinavia, 3500—5200 ; in the Carpathian 
Alps, 4500 — 8000 ; in the Alps on their north side, 5500 — 8200, 
on the south side, 6500 — 8600; the Pyrenees on the north side, 
6500 — 7800, on the south side 6900 — 8600; The Apennines, 
6000 — 9000; Caucasus, 5500— 10,000. The Altai Mountains, 
6000 — 7000. The Greek Mountains, the Balkan, Sierra Nevada. 
Mean Temperature: Polar lands, 1-75° to +41° Fahr,-, Mount, 
reg. +20-75° to +36-5°. 
Characteristic and predominating forms, — Ranunculus, Arabis, 
Draba, Arenaria, Dryas, Potentilla, Saxifraga, Rhododendron, Aza- 
lea, Gentiana, Pedicularis, Salix, Musci, Lichenes. For the Polar 
lands particularly : Coptis, Eutrema, Parrya, Diapensia, Andro- 
meda, Ledum. For the mountain regions : Cherleria, Campanula, 
Phyteuma, Primula, Aretia, Soldanella. 
Dwarf herbaceous plants with proportionate large flowers of a 
pure colour. Trees absent. Dominating shrubs and half-shrubs 
in the polar lands.: Betula nana; Salix lanata, fusca, lapponum, 
reticulata, arctica, herbacea ; Rubus Chamsemorus, Empetrum 
nigrum ; Andromeda hypnoides, tetragona ; Arbutus alpina, Uva 
ursi; Azalea procumbens, Rhododendron lapponicum, Menziesia 
caerulea. In the mountain region : Juniperus nana, Alnus viridis ; 
Salix reticulata, herbacea ; Rhododendron ferrugineum, hirsutum, 
caucasicum ; Vaccinium Myrtillus, uliginosum ; Azalea procumbens ; 
Arbutus alpina, Uva ursi ; Empetrum nigrum. 
Plants which approach the snow line : Ranunculus glacialis, Saxi- 
fraga oppositifolia, Silene acaulis. In the Polar lands particularly : 
Agrostis algida ; Ranunculus hyperboreus, nivalis ; Papaver nudi- 
caule, Draba alpina. Lychnis apetala, Diapensia lapponica. In 
the mountain regions : Saxifraga muscoides, bryoides ; Cherleria 
sedoides ; Aretia helvetica, alpina ; Draba nivalis, Petrocallis py- 
renaica, Arabis bellidifolia, Myosotis nana, Gentiana nivalis, Achil" 
lea nana, Linaria alpina. 
No Cultivation. 
II. Kingdom of the Umbellifer-se and CRUciFERiE. 
(North European and North Asiatic Kingdom. — Linnes Kingdom.') 
Europe and North Asia from the southern limits of the last 
kingdom to the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkan, Caucasus, Altai, 
Dahuria, and the middle regions of the mountains of Southern 
Europe. Mean Temperature, + 27*5° to 56-75°. 
