BOOK V. 
GEOGRAPHY. 
317 
floreae. Extra- tropical forms appear or become more numerous. 
Amentace8e(Salix, Quercus), Coniferae (Pinus,Cupressus), Labiatae 
(Salvia, Stachys, Marrubium), Pedicularis, Anchusa, Myosotis, 
Polemonium, firiceae (Vaccinium, Arbutus, Arctostaphylos), Synan- 
thereae (increasing very much), Valeriana, Galium, Cornus, Capri- 
folium, Umbelliferae, Rosaceae (Amygdalus, Mespilus, Rosa, Poten- 
tilla), Caryophylleae (Arenaria), Cruciferae (Draba), Ranunculaceae 
(Anemone, Ranunculus). 
Characteristic genera : Mirabilis, Maurandya, Leucophyllum, 
Hoitzia, Georgina, Zinnia, Sckhuria, Ximenesia, Lopezia, Vauque- 
linia, Choisya, Cheirostemon. 
Predominating trees and shrubs : Pinus occidentalis, Abies hir- 
tella; Cupressus thurifera, sabinoides ; Taxodium distichum, Quer- 
cus sp. 16; Salix Bonplandiana, paradoxa, etc.; Arbutus mollis, 
petiolaris, etc. ; Arctostaphylos polifolia, pungens, etc. ; Vacci- 
nium geminiflorum, stamineum, confertum ; Rosa Montezumae, 
Mespilus pubescens, Amygdalus microphylla, Cheirostemon plata- 
noides. 
Cultivated plants : Maize, the European cerealia and fruits. 
Note. In the highest mountain-regions the flora has an alpine 
aspect: here appear Cyperus toluccensis, Chelone gentianoides, 
Cnicus nivalis, Ageratum arbutifolium, Senecio procumbens etc., 
Potentilla ranunculoides ; Lupinus elegans, montanus ; Arenaria 
bryoides. 
XVII. Kingdom of the CiNCHONiE. 
( Humboldt's Kingdom.^ 
The Andes, between 20° S. L. and 5*=* N. L. from 5000 to 9000 
feet in elevation. Mean Temperature, 59° to 68°. 
Character. — Extra- tropical forms appear or become more fre- 
quent : Gramineae, Amentaceae (Quercus, Salix), Labiatae (Salvia, 
Stachys, Scutellaria), Anchusa, Myosotis, Swertia, Ericeae, Synan- 
thereae (very numerous), Caprifoliaceae (Viburnum, Sambucus), 
Umbelliferae (Ferula, Ligusticum), Rosaceae, Cruciferae, Ranuncu- 
laceae. On the contrary, some tropical forms disappear, or become 
scarce ; but yet several sorts of Palmge, Piperaceae, Cacteee, Passi- 
floreae, Melastomaceae go to a considerable height. 
Characteristic genera : Lilaea, Cervantesia, Oreocallis, Lachnos- 
toma, Gaylussaccia, Stevia, Flaveria, Tagetes, Espeletia, Cinchona, 
Guilleminia, Loasa, Kageneckia, Negritia, Amicia, Perrottetia, Du- 
longia, Laplacea, Freziera, Abatia, Monnina. 
Predominating tree-like plants : Oreodoxa frigida, Cereoxylon 
andicola, Podocarpus taxifolia, Salix Humboldtiana ; Quercus 
L L 3 
