518 
GEOGRAPHY. 
BOOK 
Humboldtiana, almaguerensis, tomilensis ; Ficus velutina, Rho- 
pala cordifolia, Oreocallis grandiflora ; Persea laevigata, Mutisii, 
sericea ; Ocotea mollis, sericea ; Vaccinium caracasanum, Andro- 
meda bracamorensis ; Befaria glauca, ledifolia ; Cinchona Con- 
daminea, cordifolia, oblongifolia, etc. ; Weinmannia elliptica, Bal- 
bisiana, etc. ; Osteomeles glabrata, Rubus floribundus ; Ilex bume- 
lioides, myricoides ; Clusia elliptica. 
Cultivated plants : The tropical cultivated plants mentioned 
under XV. disappear nearly totally. But yet in this kingdom maize 
and coffee are grown : they are joined with the European cerealia 
and fruits, potatoes, and Chenopodium Quinoa. 
XVIII. Kingdom of Escallonias and Calceolarias. 
(Ruiz and Pavons Kingdom.) 
The Andes, between 20° S. L. and 5° N. L., and more than 9000 
feet above the level of the sea. Paramo and Paxonal. Mean 
Temperature, 34-'25° to 59°. 
Character. — Tropical forms almost entirely disappear ; but 
still the following genera are found : Tillandsia, Oncidium, 
Peperomia, Rhexia, and Passiflora. On the contrary, the forms 
which characterise the colder and polar zone become frequent: 
Lichenosa?, Musci, Carex, Luzula, Alnus, Rumex, Plantago, Gen- 
tiana, Swertia, Vaccinium, Campanula, Cacalia, Senecio, Umbelli- 
ferae, Valeriana, Saxifraga, Ribes, Rubus, Alchemilla, Caryophylleae 
(Sagina, Arenaria, Cerastium, Stellaria), Cruciferae (Draba, Arabis). 
Prevalent orders : Synanthereae, Gramineac, Ericeae. 
No large trees. Characteristic genera : Deyeuxia, Tigridia* 
Gardoquia, Calceolaria, Thibaudia, Lysipoma, Barnadesia, Haeman- 
thus, Chuquiraga, Culcitium, Wernera, Dumerilia, Escallonia, Pec- 
tophytum, Klaprothia, Polylepis. 
Predominating shrubs: Alnus ferruginea, acuminata; Vacci- 
nium acuminatum, empetrifolium, floribundum, etc. ; Thibaudia 
rupestris, floribunda, longifolia, strobilifera ; Befaria grandiflora, and 
coarctata; Ribes frigidum ; Escallonia myrtilloides, tortuosa, Tubar, 
berberidifolia ; Ilex scopulorum, Drymis granatensis. 
XIX. West-Indian Kingdom. 
(Swartz's Kingdom.) 
The West-Indian Islands. Mean Temperature, 59° to 79-25". 
Character. — The flora of this group of islands approaches that 
of the Continent, but is chiefly distinguished (as the flora of 
Polynesia is from the Indian) by the great quantity of Filices and 
Orchideae. Besides these orders, the following genera belong to 
