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VAUGHAN MACCAUGHEY 
population was more or less habitually engaged in fishing. The deep 
sea fishing was naturally the work of the men, as it involved protracted 
labor and a certain degree of hazard. The reef-fishing was enjoyed 
alike by men, women, and children. From the lagoons and shallower 
waters was obtained a wide variety of marine edibles — fish of many 
kinds, crabs, crayfish and shrimps, molluscs, holothurians, sea urchins, 
octopi, etc. The edible seaweeds, Umu, formed an important element 
in this native exploitation of the shallow waters. 
Doubtless no primitive people made more extensive use of marine 
products than did the Polynesian in his sea-girt island world. About 
seventy-five species were used for food, and for these the ancient 
Hawaiian had specific names. It is of distinct interest to note that 
the Japanese, whose commercialized seaweed industries have been so 
widely described and studied, have a small number of edible species as 
compared with the Hawaiian. In Smith's monumental report on the 
Seaweed Industries of Japan (U. S. Bureau of Fisheries), only thirty- 
five species are reported as used for food, and ten others for the 
manufacture of gelatine, glue, iodin, etc. Thus the Hawaiian marine 
flora, although relatively poor in quantity, is rich in economic species. 
The generic name for all kinds of algae was limu] to this was 
added in true Linnaean spirit, one or more descriptive terms. This is a 
truly noteworthy instance of parallelism in the evolution of nomen- 
clature. The botanical nomenclature familiar to every learned Hawai- 
ian of the old regime was essentially identical with the binomial 
system evolved by Caucasian scientists. The following examples of 
the old names for seaweeds will serve to elucidate this point: 
Limu ele-ele ("the b^.ack or dark limu"), Enteromorpha flexuosa. 
Limu lo-loa ("the long or slender limu"), Gelidium sp. 
Limu koele ("the dry or hard limu"), Gymnogongrus sp. 
Limu wawae-iole ("the mouse-foot limu"), Codium muelleri. 
Limu huna ("the concealed or hidden limu"), Hypnea sp. 
Limu koko ("the red limu"), Asparagopsis sanfordiana. 
The limu was collected in various ways, depending upon the nature 
of the habitat. Some kinds (Sargassum, Gracilaria) drift ashore in 
tolerable abundance, and were easily gathered. Others growing in 
the quiet shore waters (Ulva, Entermorpha, Chondria, etc.) were 
readily collected by the older women and the children. Others, with 
stout stems and hold-fasts, occupied the black lava rocks in rough 
water. They were exposed to continuous surf-pounding and could 
