Cretaceous Gastropoda, and Pelecypoda from ZuUdand. 95 
whilst they rarely occur in any of the higher beds of the Upper 
Cretaceous formation. Taking into consideration, as previously 
mentioned, that there is no great difference in the lithological 
character of the matrix accompanying the various specimens from 
the Manuan Creek, it would seem that we are dealing with a 
fauna of one geological age which may be regarded as Emscherian, 
or Lower Senonian, since it includes Ve7iieUa forhesiana, a charac- 
teristic pelecypod of the Upper Trichinopoly beds of Southern India, 
regarded as Lower Senonian by Dr. Kossmat, which occurs as well 
in similarly aged rocks of Angola and Tunis, whilst related species 
of the same genus are also known in the Senonian deposits of 
the United States. 
The False Bay fossils now described appear to support Mr. 
Crick's contention that their facies agrees with the Utatur" fauna 
of Southern India, as well as with the Cenomanian of Madagascar 
and that of Europe. 
The new records from the Umkwelane Hill deposits also support 
the Campanian age for that fauna already recognised by Mr. Woods. 
Very few of the shells seem to occur in contiguous areas 
such as those described by Mr. Etheridge from Umkwelane 
Hill and the Umsinene Eiver, or those from Pondoland described 
by Baily, Griesbach, and Mr. Woods. Similar or analogous 
mollusca are to be met with in Southern India and Mada- 
gascar, British and Portuguese East Africa, South- Western 
Africa (Angola, &c.), Northern Africa, Socotra, Syria, Arabia, 
Southern European countries, Britain, South America (Brazil), 
and the United States. This distribution favours Kossmat's view 
that a connection existed between Southern India and the Atlantic 
during Upper Cretaceous times — an opinion founded largely upon 
a study of the Cephalopoda. One of the most important Ammonites 
in proof of this during Cenomanian or Vraconnian times is Schloen- 
bachia inflata of James Sowerby, sp., the geographical range of 
which, or allied forms, extends from Southern India through 
Madagascar to Angola (Choffat) and the Elobi Islands (Szajnocha) 
on the south-west coastal area of Africa, North Africa (Tunis), 
Europe, and Brazil (Sergipe) ; the species, however, is not known 
from Zululand or any of the immediately adjacent provinces of 
South-East Africa. Equally important species could be quoted 
* Dr. Kossmat has given the following equivalents for this group : — 
Upper Utatur = Lower Turonian. 
Middle Utatur = Upper and Middle Cenomanian. 
Lower Utatur = Lower Cenomanian (Vraconnian). 
{Record^ Geol. Surv. India, 1895, vol. 28, p. 40.) 
