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CHAPTER XYI. 
SCAUP DUCKS. — THE RED-HEADED, AND RED-CHESTED POCHARDS 
THE FERRUGINOUS, BROAD BILLED, AND TUFTED SCAUP 
DUCKS THE SURF, VELVET, AND BLACK SCOTERS THE 
COMMON, AND BLACK-BACKED EIDER DUCKS THE WESTERN 
DUCK THE HARLEQUIN, GOLDEN-EYED, AND BUFFEL-HEADED 
GARROTS — THE LONG-TAILED HARELD. 
BETWEEN the Anatince^ or Fresh-water Ducks, which 
we have just been describing, are the Fuligulinw, Scaup 
or Sea Ducks, which we have now to describe, there are 
no precise limits, although the two groups present peculia- 
rities of form and habit which the observant naturalist can 
discover, and which admit of a separation. Generally, these 
marine Ducks have the body of a less elongated form, fuller 
and more depressed ; the neck shorter and usually thicker ; 
the head larger, and the hind toe with a conspicuous 
membranous lobe. Their general habits are thus de- 
scribed by Macgillivray : — 
The FuligulincB are essentially carniTorous. Some of them 
approaching the AnatincB in form and habits, frequent fresh water, 
feed on mollusca, insects, and occasionally plants. Most of them, 
however, are essentially marine birds, frequenting bays and estuaries, 
or the shaUow parts of the open coasts, and feeding on mollusca, 
Crustacea, and sea-plants, for which they dive. They are all expert 
swimmers as weU as divers, and have a rapid and direct flight ; but 
walk little and ungracefully, owing to the shortness and position of 
their feet. They are gregarious and migratory. The males are 
larger, and usually differently coloured. They form their nests on 
the shores of the sea, on islands, or unfrequented headlands, but also 
by lakes or rivers, often lining them, or covering their eggs with 
down plucked from their bodies. The eggs are moderately numerous, 
smooth-shelled, white or greyish, greenish or bluish, but always of 
one colour. The young, densely covered with stiffish down, presently 
betake themseves to the water, where they swim and dive with great 
expertness. When incubation has commenced, the males desert the 
females, and flock by themselves. 
