38 
THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
which covered at that time nearly the whole of 
Germany, and of which the name is still preserved 
in Harz and Erz. It included the modern Teuto- 
bergerwald, Thuringerwald, and the Schwarzwald, 
or Black Forest. 
Another Latin writer, Seneca, alludes to the wild 
ox in the following lines : — 
" Tibi dant varies pectora tigres, 
Tibi villosi terga bisontes, 
Latisque feri cornibus uri," 
which may be rendered in English — 
" To thee the striped tigers present their breasts, 
to thee the shaggy bisons offer their backs, and 
likewise the fierce aurochs with their wide-spreading 
horns." 
Pliny, again, distinguishes the "jubatos bisontes" 
(maned bisons) from the " excellentique vi et veloci- 
tate uros" (the aurochs excelling in strength and 
speed). 
The last two extracts clearly show that the ancient 
Romans were perfectly well acquainted with the 
difference between the aurochs and the bison ; and 
in this connection it is interesting to note that, 
according to a paper contributed by Professor E. 
Fraas, of Stuttgart, to the Fundberichte aus Schwaben 
for 1899, vol. vii. p. 39, their sculptors expressed 
this distinction by modelling statuettes of both 
species. Three of these statuettes were dug up in 
Swabia in a railway cutting embedded in clay at a 
considerable depth, in association with the remains 
of the mammoth and other extinct animals ; but it 
is quite clear that they must have been artificially 
introduced into this stratum. 
