70 THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
stouter, and very generally the cows are devoid of 
horns, those of the bulls having much the same 
upward direction as in the Chillingham breed. This 
herd is believed to be very ancient. 
Very different in appearance from both the above 
is the Chartley breed, of which, as having recently 
become nearly extinct, a somewhat fuller account 
may be given. There is historical evidence to show 
that Chartley Park, till 1903 the property of Earl 
Ferrers, was formed by enclosing about one thousand 
acres of the great forest of Needwood in the reign of 
King Henry III, probably in the year 1248 or 1249; 
and it is also stated that a number of the half-wild 
cattle which then roamed through Needham Forest 
were driven in and enclosed in the park. 
The Chartley cattle differ from the Chillingham 
breed not only by their black, in place of red, ears, 
but likewise by their outwardly - directed, wide- 
spreading horns, which approximate in this respect 
to those of the modern longhorn breed, and are thus 
quite different from the upright, pitchfork-like horns 
of the Chillingham herd. In this particular the 
Chartley breed resembled the one formerly kept at 
Lyme Park. 
In common, I believe, with other park-breeds, the 
Chartley cattle exhibited a strong tendency to pro- 
duce black calves ; and unless these had been 
continually weeded out, there is little doubt that the 
breed would have ultimately become black. The 
importance of this will be mentioned later. 
From what is known of the history of the Chartley 
herd in modern times, its extinction appears to have 
been due to continued in-breeding, owing to over- 
anxiety on the part of its owners to preserve the 
