76 THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
white Pembrokes produced by crossing and selection 
at Lamphey Court, Pembrokeshire. 
More than a century after Knut's time, namely, 
about the year 1174, the chronicler Fitz-Stephen 
refers to forest-bulls [tauri sylvestres) as being then 
common in the forest near London, these half-wild 
cattle being doubtless more or less nearly the same 
as those enclosed when Chartley Park was established 
three-quarters of a century later. 
All this points to the conclusion that park-cattle 
were not originally white, but have become so by 
selection and elimination since they have been en- 
closed in their respective domains, where they con- 
stituted several more or less distinct breeds, perhaps 
respectively representative of local types of the 
original forest-cattle. And if this be so, white park- 
cattle did not come into existence till something like 
a thousand years after the Roman occupation of 
Britain. 
Turning to what other writers have stated with 
regard to the origin of these park-cattle, we find 
Col. Hamilton Smith ^ writing in 1827 as follows: 
The white urus {Urus scoticus) is a wild breed of the 
ox, the probable remains of the genuine urus. It is 
of small size, and ranged formerly through the woods 
of southern Scotland and the north of England. 
When this breed was exterminated from the open 
forests is unknown ; but some time before the Re- 
formation, the remnants were already confined in 
parks belonging to ecclesiastical establishments. . . . 
Before they were kept in parks they were probably 
larger and more rugged." 
In this passage it should be noted that the author 
1 Op. cit. p. 417. 
