8o 
THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
suspect that they did not belong to the wild white 
breed. There would be less difference between them 
and the Chillingham cattle, in essential characters of 
form and colour, than there is, for instance, between 
the Chillingham and Chartley cattle." 
If this be the case — which I do not for one moment 
admit — how, it may be asked, is the conclusion reached 
that the skulls from the Roman kitchen middens in- 
dicate a cross between Celtic shorthorns and Italian 
cattle ? Surely a cross between the former and park- 
cattle would have produced the same type. 
Much is made of the difference in the direction of 
the horns of the Chillingham cattle as compared with 
those of the aurochs, and it is stated that in this 
respect the Chillingham breed resembles Italian 
cattle.^ But the difference in this respect between 
Chillinghams and Chartleys is ignored ; and the 
alleged resemblance between the horns of Chillingham 
and Italian cattle is nothing near so close as Pro- 
fessor Hughes imagines ; indeed, the two types are as 
distinct as they well can be. 
But, apart from this, the great majority of Italian 
cattle are pale fawn-coloured or silver-grey animals, 
often with a white ring round the eye, and their 
calves are normally reddish brown in the first coat^ 
and apparently never black. Fawn or silver-grey is, 
however, unknown among the native British cattle, 
which are either black, black-and-white, white, red- 
and-white, red, or brown, strawberry roans being 
obviously a mixture of some of the above. Now, if 
1 In this paper the figures of the skulls of a Chillingham bull and a 
Piedmont ox are transposed. 
2 See Hilzheimer, Korrespondeiiz-Blatt. Deutsche Gq^.. fur Anthrop.y 
ftsza., vol. xxxix., 1908. 
