98 
THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
Galloways, in addition to the absence of horns, 
are characterised by their shortness of limb and the 
low elevation of the under surface of the body 
above the ground. Although a brownish or reddish 
tint is not infrequent, black is the typical colour, 
and the coat, especially in winter, is very long and 
thick. The somewhat cylindrical body is longer 
than in the Aberdeen-Angus, with a flatter type of 
rib, another distinctive feature being the backward 
position of the ear, which should be upright, fine, 
pointed, broad, and well clothed with long hair. 
Soon after the act of union between England and 
Scotland herds of Galloways were regularly driven 
to England for sale; and by Low's time (1840) 
the annual number which came to the English 
market was estimated at fully 20,000. They were 
driven southward in summer, and after being kept 
over one winter in England, mostly in the good 
pasture of the eastern counties, they were ready 
for market by the following Christmas. To the 
United States and Canada these cattle began to be 
imported about the middle of last century. 
A breed of polled cattle, but red instead of black, 
is indigenous to East Anglia, and is now generally 
called the red polled breed, although it is referred 
to in Low's book as the polled Suffolk. As a 
matter of fact, however, there were originally two 
strains of East Anglian hornless cattle, one in Suffolk 
and the other in Norfolk ; and it is to the union of 
the two that we owe the modern breed. Polled 
cattle of the same type also extend into Cambridge- 
shire and part of Essex. The local breeds are of 
considerable antiquity, but there is the usual un- 
certainty as to their origin. They differ from 
