no THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
Dobinson in Durham and Sir William St. Quintin 
in Yorkshire imported Dutch bulls from Holland, 
with which they crossed their shorthorn herds ; and 
so much did this cross alter the breed, that for a 
time the cattle thus produced became locally known 
as Dutch or Holstein. The greatest improvement 
in the breed was, however, made about the year 
1780 by four breeders respectively named Charles 
Colling (i 750-1 836), his brother Robert Colling 
(1749- 1 820), Thomas Bates (1775-1849), and Thomas 
Booth {circa 1790), the work of the last being 
continued by his two sons, John and Richard. To 
these and other breeders we owe the modern 
Durham and Yorkshire shorthorns, of which two 
strains are still known respectively as the Booth 
and the Bates types. 
Speaking generally, it may be said that shorthorns 
conform to the " beef-type " of cattle, for which they 
are specially fitted by their early maturity ; but 
those of the Bates strain may be included in the 
"general purposes" type. Cows weigh about 1400 
lb. on the average, while bulls turn the scale at 
from 1800 to 2000 lb., or even considerably more. 
In both sexes the horns are relatively small ; in 
cows their shape is somewhat variable, but they 
should curve forwards, with a more or less inwards 
and upwards direction at the tips. A waxy yellow 
throughout is preferred, although the tips are 
frequently black. The lean and well-shaped head 
should terminate in a broad and flesh-coloured 
muzzle with large and open nostrils. Among other 
features, it must suffice to mention the length of the 
limbs, this being specially noticeable in the original 
Bates strain. The colour may be red, red and white, 
