MODERN CONTINENTAL CATTLE 125 
is proved to be of great antiquity by the fact that 
the bones of the forehead are pierced by a stone 
spear or axe head : it differs from the ordinary 
aurochs type by the more forward direction of the 
horn-cores, and the upward trend of their tips, — 
features in which it recalls the extinct B. namadicus of 
the gravels of the Narbada Valley, central India. The 
resemblance of the skulls of Campagna cattle to this 
Brescian aurochs is considered by Dr. Hilzheimer 
sufficiently close to warrant the opinion that the 
former constitute an indigenous Italian breed ; and 
if this be so, their alleged absence from the old 
sculptures (which the writer cited is inclined in some 
degree to dispute) must be accounted for by some 
explanation other than the one mentioned above. On 
the other hand, if, as seems probable, these cattle are 
related to the Hungarian breed, their direct, unmixed 
descent from the aurochs is doubtful. 
To the north and south the Campagna cattle are 
replaced by other breeds, some of which are regarded 
by Dr. Hilzheimer as nearly allied to what he calls 
the grey Alpine cattle — presumably the brown Swiss 
breed. Perhaps the best account of these Italian cattle 
is contained in a letter from Professor I. Giglioli, 
published by Mr. Hedger Wallace in his article on 
white cattle, quoted in an earlier chapter. This letter, 
with a few verbal alterations, is as follows : — 
" In Tuscany we find five breeds of cattle, namely, 
the Chianina, Maremmana, Tiberina, Svizzera, and 
Montanina. The first three are said to be descendants 
of the breed called Podolico or Pugliese, from Puglia, 
in the south of Italy. The Svizzera came from 
Lugano, in Switzerland, and the Montanina are non- 
descript mountain cattle. 
