130 THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
wardly directed horns, and the fine proportions of 
the head, body, and limbs. The Castilian breed, on 
the other hand, is characterised by large size and 
bulky shape, the straight back, the dusky and often 
nearly black colour, and the shapely, forwardly- 
directed horns. The Andalucian type is of medium 
size and build, with the line of the back sinuous, the 
colour usually dusky, although in some cases black 
and white, or even red and white, and the horns 
very similar to those of the Castilian breed. In the 
Andalucian and Castilian cattle the horns may be 
compared to the tines of a pitchfork held horizontally 
with the concavity upwards, whereas those of the 
Navarra breed may be likened to the same implement 
in a vertical direction with the concavity of the tines 
turned backwards. 
The relations and history of the different types of 
Spanish cattle have been discussed by Dr. A. Cabrera,^ 
who states that the Navarra type is represented on 
bronze bas-reliefs of the Celto-Iberian period, as well 
as on certain ancient Spanish coins. This indicates 
the great antiquity of the breed — an indication con- 
firmed by representations of cattle of a more or less 
similar type on the ancient monuments of Italy, 
Greece, and Egypt. 
After alluding to the theory of the origin of these 
cattle from the zebu, or humped cattle of south-western 
Asia and Africa, by the elimination of the hump 
as the result of careful selection. Dr. Cabrera adds 
that Spanish and other south European cattle of 
this type are evidently of eastern origin, and were 
introduced into Spain in the domesticated condition. 
^ " Sobre el origen de las razas bovinas espanoles," Bol. R. Soc, 
Espan. Hist. Nat., 1904, p. 71. 
