MODERN CONTINENTAL CATTLE 131 
Such a breed, he continues, introduced by the 
Greeks and Romans cannot but have modified and 
absorbed the indigenous Spanish cattle, and it is 
suggested that the uniform colour of the cattle of 
northern Spain is due to a Graeco-Roman importa- 
tion. It is known that fawn or chestnut was specially 
favoured by the ancient Romans in their cattle, and 
it is this colour which is most prevalent among the 
cattle of Gallego and Navarra. Nevertheless, there 
are a certain number of white cattle which may be 
the descendants of the Roman sacrificial breed. 
The existence of the large-horned and light- 
coloured breed of cattle in the Peninsula during Celto- 
Iberian times being proved, the author proceeds to 
demonstrate the presence, at the same epoch, of 
autochthonous cattle resembling the modern Castilian 
and Andalucian breeds. The most important piece 
of evidence is the " stone of Clunia," which was in 
existence in Penalva in 1774, but subsequently 
destroyed. On this Celto-Iberian monument was 
represented a bull-fighter, in full array, prepared to 
receive the charge of a bull, while the legend is the 
ancient equivalent for a bull-fight. 
In this monument (unlike those of the same period 
already referred to) the bull is represented with 
horizontally-directed horns of the type of those of 
the Castilian and Andalucian breeds and also of the 
aurochs. Whether the animal depicted was a wild bull 
(the aurochs probably existing at this date in Spain 
as in many other parts of Europe) or a domesticated 
individual cannot be definitely determined ; but it 
indicates the existence in the Celto-Iberian epoch of 
cattle with the aurochs-type of horns. In accord 
with this is the close resemblance of the modern 
