132 THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
Spanish cattle of the Castilian breeds to the aurochs. 
Not only have the horns the same general form 
and direction, but the black hue of the modern breeds 
is the same as that of their extinct relative; while 
more important still is the fact that Castilian bulls 
show, as already mentioned, a fawn-coloured line 
down the middle of the back. 
It is accordingly concluded that, while the cattle of 
central Spain are the direct descendants of the wild 
aurochs, the southern or Andalucian breeds seem, 
on the other hand, to have been crossed with cattle 
imported by the Arabs, which would account for 
their inferior size and frequently piebald colouring. 
The difference in size between the large Gallego and 
the small Navarra cattle of the northern type may 
be largely due to the mountain habitat of the latter. 
The Castilian and Andalucian bulls and those of the 
Navarra breed of the northern type are employed in 
the ring, while the large Gallego cattle are those used 
for draught and agriculture. 
The affiliation of the black Castilian, and in a less 
degree the Andalucian, breeds of Spanish cattle to 
the wild aurochs tends to strengthen the opinion as 
to the existence of an intimate relationship between 
ancient Welsh and Irish breeds, like the Pembroke 
and Kerry, and the latter. 
The next point for consideration is the aforesaid 
theory that the large-horned and dun-coloured 
northern Spanish breed of cattle, together with the 
large, light-coloured cattle of Greece, Italy, and certain 
other parts of southern Europe, are descended from 
the zebu. The horns of all humped cattle — both 
Indian and African — differ from those of the aurochs 
and the related types of European domesticated 
