HUMPED CATTLE OF ASIA AND AFRICA i 5 i 
the African breeds, although in some of the breeds 
from southern India they are quite small. In the 
Gujrati breed of India they have a distinctly double 
curvature, with a somewhat lyrate contour, their 
direction being at first outwards, then upwards, and 
a little forwards, and finally outwards and more or 
less backwards. Much the same type obtains in the 
African Galla cattle, in which, however, the horns 
are much larger and more massive, and in some 
cases show an inward inclination at the tips. A 
portion of the front surface is thus distinctly convex, 
instead of, as in the aurochs and most north European 
cattle, the whole of this surface being concave. These 
characters, which, as mentioned in an earlier chapter, 
are strongly developed in the large-horned Spanish 
draught cattle, appear to be a sure indication of 
zebu-blood wherever they occur, although, as will 
be shown later, they are by no means constant in 
all breeds of humped cattle. 
As regards the skull, this is characterised by its 
general shortness, especially in the region of the 
forehead, and the slight prominence of the sockets 
of the eyes, which look more or less directly out- 
wards, whereas in the aurochs they are very pro- 
minent, and set somewhat obliquely, so that the direc- 
tion of the eyes is more forwards. These characters 
are strongly marked in Ankoli cattle. Frequently 
the forehead is convex. 
In the Indian breeds the colour of the coat is very 
frequently iron-grey or some shade of pale fawn, 
becoming darker on the hump, shoulders, and neck, 
and also markedly darker in bulls than in cows. 
Moreover, black, or occasionally bay, bulls are by 
no means uncommon. On the other hand, in 
