HUMPED CATTLE OF ASIA AND AFRICA 1 69 
known, but it is quite possible that they may be 
descended from a cow taken to Brazil from Andalucia 
by Jean de Salazar, about the middle of the sixteenth 
century; at which date the long -horned Spanish 
cattle may have been more like their African 
relatives than is the case at the present day. 
Franqueiro oxen are characterised by the enormous 
length of their horns, which is stated to largely 
exceed that of the African Watusi breeds. The 
skulls — of which a specimen has been described by 
Professor A. Nehring^ — are stated to present the 
massive character of those of the Spanish long-horned 
cattle ; but, according to Dr. Max Hilzheimer,^ are 
relatively longer, and thus show an approximation to 
the type characteristic of the aurochs and ordinary 
European cattle, as has been mentioned in an earlier 
chapter. 
Mention has also been made of the fact that the 
cattle first introduced into Tasmania were Indian zebu. 
From time to time there may be seen in the 
windows of natural history dealers and curiosity 
shops pairs of ox-horns united at their bases so as to 
form a semi-crescentic whole, and ornamented with 
chocolate-coloured spots arranged in regular oblique 
rows. The substance of the horn has been scraped 
down till the superficial coating has been removed 
and the lower amber-coloured layer reached. The 
spots are deepest in colour at the thicker portion of 
the horns, but diminish in intensity towards the tips, 
thus giving the appearance of having been worn 
^ Sitzber. Ges. naturfor. Berlin, 1888, pp. 91 and 99. 
2 " Die italienischen Ilaustiere," Korr. -Blatt. DeiUsch. Ges. Anthrop. 
Eihnol. ti. Urgeschichte, vol. xxxix. 1908. 
