2 34 THE OX AND ITS KINDRED 
inhabit the woods. For the greater part of the year 
they associate in pairs, Hke bushbucks, and unlike 
other buffaloes ; but in the breeding season the cows 
separate from the bulls, and give birth to their 
calves amid thick covert. In habits they are exceed- 
ingly wary and difficult to discover, and I can find 
no record of any having been killed by European 
sportsmen. Anoas have the same characteristic 
odour as other buffaloes, and likewise conform to the 
habits of the rest in their partiality for shade and 
water, and likewise by drinking in long draughts, 
instead of in short gulps after the fashion of antelopes. 
The last representative of the living species of wild 
cattle, and thus of the ox tribe in general, is the 
African buffalo (Bos caffer), which, under all its 
numerous phases, is a very different-looking animal 
to its Indian cousin. The typical representative of 
the species is the great black buffalo of southern 
Africa, which stands, in the case of adult bulls, from 
about 4 feet 8 inches to 5 feet at the shoulder, and is 
easily recognised by the enormous development in the 
same sex of the bases of the much flattened and 
receding horns, which form a large helmet-like mass 
on the forehead, separated from one another by a 
very narrow strip of hairy skin. From this great 
frontal shield, whose surface is very rough and 
irregular, the horns spread at first in an outward and 
backward direction, and then sweep sharply inwards 
and somewhat forwards, to terminate, when unworn, 
in sharp and nearly cylindrical points. Owing to 
this bold curvature, the middle portion of the horn, 
just before the commencement of the inward bend, 
lies in a plane far behind not only that of the 
frontal helmet, but likewise of that of the forehead 
