4 8 
HEMOLYMPH NODES OF THE SHEEP 
later; while v Schumacher concluded that they lose them. Similarly 
for man Warthin [33] stated that he found combination forms of 
spleeno- and marrow lymph nodes, as well as all manner of transitions 
between spleno-lymph glands and lymph glands and the spleen. Warthin 
[33] — and later Lewis [13 and 14] — further stated that there may be 
blood sinuses in one part of a node and lymph sinuses in the other ; and 
Warthin [31] added that "transitional forms cannot be distinguished 
from congested lymph glands." If this be true, then the question as 
to how it is known that true hemolymph nodes, i. e., nodes other than 
lymph nodes, in similar relation to both the lymphatic and the vascular 
systems as that of lymph nodes to the lymphatic system — i. e., having 
sinuses common to both systems — occur at all, seems a pertinent one. 
For if transitional forms cannot be distinguished, what basis is there 
for any, not to say an elaborate, classification? Meek, who studied the 
lymph and hemolymph glands of man in pathological states, declares 
somewhat similarly, that "In a few cases where hemolymph glands were 
present (Meek does not state how they were identified as such) in large 
numbers, I have removed and examined all the easily found lymphatic 
glands of the same group, and found them all to show a practically 
identical condition." 
It is not clear, to be sure, how identification of and differentiation 
between lymph and hemolymph nodes in "identical condition" was possi- 
ble. Nevertheless, Meek continues: "It appears, then, that every 
lymphatic gland is a potential haemolymph gland. The experimental 
production of such glands in the guinea-pig is easy of accomplishment. 
. . ." According to Meek, then, a hemolymph node is only a lymph 
node under abnormal or altered conditions. That is, any lymph node 
subjected to an injury or to abnormal conditions either in disease or 
experimentally, can quickly be converted into a hemolymph node! This 
would also seem to be Retterer.'s conclusion regarding the nodes of 
guinea-pigs, which conclusions are discussed elsewhere* with Meeks* 
results, in connection with the writer's findings and experiments on these 
animals and on dogs. Meek, although speaking of two kinds of nodes 
and of the conversion of one into the other, concluded, however, in 
direct contradiction to Warthin and to himself, that there is no justi- 
fication for classifying human nodes as lymphatic and hemolymphatic. 
A similar conclusion regarding the relation between lymph nodes and 
hemal nodes was reached by Retterer [22], who stated, in short, that 
all lymphatic nodes possess the same structure and functions, and 
^Journal of Experimental Zoology, 1914, and Anatomical Record, 1914. 
