LYMPHATIC AND VASCULAR RELATIONS 1 5 
of seeing a hilus macroscopically in most of these nodes, it is well to 
remember in this connection that Helly did not state how the lymphatics 
were identified positively as such. Moreover, small lymphatic channels 
might be confined wholly to the capsule of the node or its large trabe- 
cule without necessarily establishing any charasteristic connection with 
the parenchyma of the node itself. Helly's conclusions and observations 
are largely confirmed, however, by Forgeot [6 and 7] and v Schumacher 
[27]. The former described nodes in the lumbar region of goats and 
sheep, and under the pleura and pericardium of cattle, from which 
blindly-ending lymphatic vessels of varying form extended. In some 
cases these vessels returned to the neighborhood of the node and were 
markedly distended with red lymph. The several vessels were found to 
end blindly independently, or to be joined into a network which sur- 
rounded a node the main branches from which formed a common trunk, 
which also ended blindly. An examination of Forgeot's articles show- 
very clearly, however, that he has included "red" or hermorrhagic lymph 
nodes, i. e., lymph nodes with erythrocytes in the sinuses, among hemo- 
lymph nodes, an error against which v Schumacher rightly warns, and 
which has undoubtedly been responsible for much of the confusion. 
Nevertheless v Schumacher, who largely accepted and confirmed the 
conclusions and observations of Helly and Forgeot, basing his con- 
clusions on an examination of adult and embryological material from the 
sheep, emphasized the fact that hemolymph nodes usually lie in the neigh- 
borhood of large lymph vessels, and that branches of the latter frequent- 
ly extend considerable distances into the capsule without piercing the 
latter or coming into relation with the marginal sinus. Sometimes such 
lymphatic vessels were, however, seen to join the sinus, and these nodes 
v Schumacher excludes from hemolymph nodes, on the opinion of others. 
Nevertheless v Schumacher proceeds to state that all manner of transi- 
tion forms between lymph and hemolymph nodes exist as far as the rela- 
tion of the lymphatics to the nodes are concerned, and describes nodes 
with lymphatic vessels in process of obliteration in different places with- 
in and without the nodes, much as Helly has done, v Schumacher also 
came to the conclusion that hemolymph nodes are only rudimentary or 
undeveloped lymph nodes which have lost their connection with the lym- 
phatic system as a result of the obliteration of the lymphatics at various 
points. Consequently, according to v Schumacher, a lymph node may 
become a hemolymph node by losing its lymphatics, and can again be- 
come a lymph node by regaining them. Since these conceptions and con- 
clusions are based partly upon developmental considerations, they will 
