J, F. Tocher 
849 
the Midlands, and a chamaecranial or a low-headed one. The border counties are 
tall statured or megalomegithic. In the towns generally the population is signifi- 
cantly shorter^ — is microinegithic. 
(b) The interlocal constants evaluated show that the population is not a 
homogeneous one, no matter what chai-acter be considered. Intralocally, it is seen 
that in some groups the means of most characters exceed their respective general 
means, and are therefore megalomeric in character ; in others the means of most 
of the characters are significantly less than the corresponding general means and 
are therefore micromeric. In others the groups exceed the means in some and are 
in defect in others, and therefore possess a mixed specification — they are micto- 
meric groups. 
VI. Few districts show greater variability than the general population. 
Inverness males and Aberdeen and Montrose females show greater variability in 
head height. Male inmates at Ayr show significantly low variability for all 
cranial characters. Fife males and females are a selected group with respect to 
stature. 
VII. There is no significant difference between the two sexes in variability. 
The males, perhaps, appear more variable in head breadth, but otherwise males 
and females are very much alike in variability. 
VIII. While it has been shown to be exceedingly probable that the general 
colour distributions of the insane differ significantly in some respects from those 
of the adult sane population (see I.), the colour distribution of the insane through- 
out Scotland is by no means uniform. Generally speaking the north of Scotland 
is a region of excess of dark and red hair and medium eyes ; the south-west of 
medium hair ; and the south, of light eyes. The country lying directly between 
the Firth of Forth and Firth of Clyde has an excess of fair hair as well as of dark 
eyes; and the Montrose group (which includes Caithness and Shetland as well as 
Kincardine and North Forfar) has also an excess of fair hair in the male 
population. 
IX. Comparing the measurable characters of the Scottish insane population 
with the other available general Scottish data we find that (a) the insane are, 
on an average, probably shorter than the sane ; (b) there is a distinct difference in 
type between the class or race material from which the insane and the criminals 
are drawn, the criminals being larger-headed and shorter men on an average than 
the insane. If the criminals and the insane belonged to the same race, or con- 
tained proportionally the same racial elements, it would be clear that the criminals 
were drawn from a physically different section nf the community. About 35 per 
cent, of the habitual criminals in Scotland, however, are of Irish extraction, and 
the problem, thus complicated, cannot be solved without a knowledge of the 
physical characters of both races. Incidentally, the criminals dift'er little among 
themselves. They are a homogeneous group, excepting that the class convicted of 
Biometrika v 4.5 
